Shrimp culture in inland low salinity waters

Abstract

Inland aquaculture of shrimp in low salinity waters is widespread in many regions worldwide. Owing to its ability to grow and survive in low salinity environments the Pacific white shrimp, (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone) has become the candidate of choice for low salinity culture. Remediation techniques have been developed to improve the osmoregulatory capacity of shrimp reared in low salinity waters. These techniques have evaluated water modification strategies that improve low salinity waters used for production by adding potassium and magnesium fertilizers and dietary approaches that involve modification of the feeds offered to shrimp with supplements that might improve osmoregulatory capacity. Based on our own experience as well as what we found predominantly in the literature, it appears that modification of the rearing medium with potassium and magnesium fertilizers is more effective than dietary modification techniques at improving the growth, survival and osmoregulatory capacity of shrimp reared in low salinity waters.

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“…The amount of potassium required for standard seawater is 320-340 ppm and magnesium amounts up to 590-600 ppm. The ionic supplementation was found effective in improving the growth and survival of various marine species such as grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (Barman, Jana, Garg, Bhatnagar, & Arasu, 2005), mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicas (Doroudi, Fielder, Allan, & Webster, 2006), Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus (Fielder, Bardsley, & Allan, 2001), western king prawn, Penaeus latisulcatus (Prangnell & Fotedar, 2006), black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon (Tantulo & Fotedar, 2006) Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Roy et al, 2010) (Dinh & Fotedar, 2016). The Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei is a brackish water species cultured in coastal areas as a valuable aquaculture commodity with high export demand and has been recognized as a candidate species for inland saline aquaculture (Davis, Saoud, McGraw, & Rouse, 2002).…”

“…The Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei is a brackish water species cultured in coastal areas as a valuable aquaculture commodity with high export demand and has been recognized as a candidate species for inland saline aquaculture (Davis, Saoud, McGraw, & Rouse, 2002). In order to maximize the growth and survival of shrimps, ionic manipulation of raw IGSW with K + and Mg 2+ is done with commercial grade muriate of potash (KCl) and magnesium chloride respectively in commercial inland saline shrimp farms (Roy et al, 2010). Use of fertilizers for the ionic fortification of water in inland saline shrimp aquaculture could be costly and hence dietary supplementation of ions such as K + and Mg 2+ in the feed may be a cost effective (Roy et al, 2010).…”

“…In order to maximize the growth and survival of shrimps, ionic manipulation of raw IGSW with K + and Mg 2+ is done with commercial grade muriate of potash (KCl) and magnesium chloride respectively in commercial inland saline shrimp farms (Roy et al, 2010). Use of fertilizers for the ionic fortification of water in inland saline shrimp aquaculture could be costly and hence dietary supplementation of ions such as K + and Mg 2+ in the feed may be a cost effective (Roy et al, 2010). Therefore, the major limiting minerals in inland saline shrimp culture such as K + and Mg 2+ could be met through diet.…”

“…Therefore, the major limiting minerals in inland saline shrimp culture such as K + and Mg 2+ could be met through diet. Furthermore, growth and survival of marine shrimps reared in low saline waters could be improved by dietary supplementation of minerals (Davis et al, 2002;Roy et al, 2010). The ions supplementation in the feed is more economically feasible method than that of the water, and it can increase the profit upto 15% (Iffat, 2016).…”

Fortification of an Aquafeed with Potassium Chloride Does Not Improve Survival of Juvenile Australian Snapper Pagrus auratus Reared in Potassium Deficient Saline Groundwater

“…However, the benefit of feeding K + to shrimp also appears equivocal as some authors have shown that shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in artificial seawater, where the [K + ] of water and feeds were varied, did not gain any substantial benefit from K + fortified feed [8]. Additionally, the supplementation of K + and Mg 2+ in feeds at levels above normal dietary requirements did not appear to benefit L. vannamei reared in low salinity waters where the ionic composition was considered stressful [50]. Several studies have indicated that addition of K + or chelated K + to feeds results in a minor improvement in the weight gain of shrimp in the laboratory [8,48], but these results have not been reproduced at the farm level.…”