Sialic Acid Receptor Specificity in Mammary Gland of Dairy Cattle Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus

Nelli, Rahul K.; Harm, Tyler A.; Siepker, Chris; Groeltz-Thrush, Jennifer M.; Jones, Brianna; Twu, Ning-Chieh; Nenninger, Ariel S.; Magstadt, Drew R.; Burrough, Eric R.; Piñeyro, Pablo E.; Mainenti, Marta; Carnaccini, Silvia; Plummer, Paul J.; Bell, Todd M.

doi:10.3201/eid3007.240689

Cited by 22 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Among many different samples tested, the highest viral loads were detected in milk (Caserta et al, 2024), while among the post mortem tissue samples examined, virus antigen expression was the highest in mammary glands (Kristensen et al, 2024). Two pre-prints and one peer-reviewed study investigating the distribution of influenza A receptors in cows have recently been published (Kristensen et al, 2024;Nelli et al, 2024;Ríos Carrasco et al, 2024) and are discussed in Annex A. Although direct transmission through other body secretions than milk has been suggested, the exact mechanisms remain unclear.…”

Section: Hpai Virus Detections In Non-human Mammals 221 Hpai Virus De...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview March–June 2024

Alexakis,

Fusaro,

Kuiken

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Between 16 March and 14 June 2024, 42 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in domestic (15) and wild (27) birds across 13 countries in Europe. Although the overall number of detections in Europe has not been this low since the 2019–2020 epidemiological year, HPAI viruses continue to circulate at a very low level. Most detections in poultry were due to indirect contact with wild birds, but there was also secondary spread. Outside Europe, the HPAI situation intensified particularly in the USA, where a new A(H5N1) virus genotype (B3.13) has been identified in >130 dairy herds in 12 states. Infection in cattle appears to be centred on the udder, with milk from infected animals showing high viral loads and representing a new vehicle of transmission. Apart from cattle, HPAI viruses were identified in two other mammal species (alpaca and walrus) for the first time. Between 13 March and 20 June 2024, 14 new human cases with avian influenza virus infection were reported from Vietnam (one A(H5N1), one A(H9N2)), Australia (with travel history to India, one A(H5N1)), USA (three A(H5N1)), China (two A(H5N6), three A(H9N2), one A(H10N3)), India (one A(H9N2)), and Mexico (one fatal A(H5N2) case). The latter case was the first laboratory‐confirmed human infection with avian influenza virus subtype A(H5N2). Most of the human cases had reported exposure to poultry, live poultry markets, or dairy cattle prior to avian influenza virus detection or onset of illness. Human infections with avian influenza viruses remain rare and no human‐to‐human transmission has been observed. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian A(H5) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general public in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low‐to‐moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.

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