Side Effects during Immunotherapy with Purified Grass Pollen Extracts

Abstract

In a 3-year prospective double blind study, grass pollen allergic patients were allocated to perennial hyposensitization with the timothy major allergens Nos. 19 and 25 (2-component extract) or a 20-component timothy extract. The extracts were biologically standardized and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide for treatment. Systemic side effects (SSE) had début after 1 1/2-5 h and lasted without treatment 1/2-10 h. Treatment with the 2-component extract showed preponderance of minor SSE (arthralgia, rhinitis, tiredness, headache, conjunctivitis, nausea, flu-like symptoms), but major SSE (urticaria, angioedema, asthma) were equally distributed between treatment with the two timothy extracts. Major SSE complicated the treatment before the first grass pollen season in 33% of the patients vs. only in 3% during the subsequent perennial therapy, and developed (92%) at high single dose of greater than or equal to 1,000 biological units. The majority (69%) were later able to reach the same or higher dose without relapse. Most (62%) patients with major SSE were predicted by high nasal sensitivity before treatment. Only 18% of the patients had immediate local skin reactions of greater than or equal to 2 cm, but delayed local side effects of greater than or equal to 10 cm were recorded in 70%. Immediate skin reactions did not correlate with delayed skin reactions or with SSE, but delayed local side effects tended towards negative correlation with major SSE. A mean area reduction of 50% of the delayed skin reactions was recorded by repetition of a single dose. Subcutaneous nodules appeared at single doses of greater than or equal to 5,000 biological units. Only 5% of the patients contracted nodules during initial preseasonal therapy compared with 38% during subsequent perennial dosage. The nodules contained typical benign granulomas, and the frequency in the two groups was proportionate to the quantity of aluminium in the two extracts.

Aluminium in Allergies and Allergen immunotherapy

“…Only minor side effects have been reported so far for allergy vaccines [53] in context with Al ADJ , such as local pruritic nodules which may be acute and transient in 33-70% of injections [54], and which sometimes persist as granules [55,56]. Generally it is believed that the local inflammation due to a vaccine shot is important for induction of an efficient immune response.…”

Immunotherapy with Alginate‐Conjugated and Alum‐Precipitated Grass Pollen Extracts in Patients with Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis

“…A high frequency of urticaria has been shown in another recent study (29). The significant increase in histamine wheal area between the first and second years in the Allpyral-treated patients and the same tendency in the Conju vac-treated group is difficult to explain.…”

Effects of Different Adjuvants in the Context of Intramuscular and Intranasal Routes on Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Detergent-Split A/H3N2 Influenza Vaccines in Mice

“…It is well established that virus-specific CD8 ϩ T cells play an essential role in limiting viral replication by killing virus-infected cells and/or producing proinflammatory cytokines (14). Although Alum is the most common licensed adjuvant and is generally considered safe when used according to current immunization schedules (33), there are various disadvantages related to its use in humans, including increased IgE production, local granuloma formation at injection sites (39,47), and potential neurotoxic effects (12,27).…”