Side to Side Differences Between Dominant and Non-dominant Arm's Bone Density and Isometric Handgrip Strength in Males and Females Aged 40-65 Years Old

Abstract

Objective:This observational, cross-sectional study, investigates and compares the differences of BMD, T-score, Z-score and isometric strength between dominant (D) versus non-dominant (ND) arms of 162 subjects aged 40-65 in a developing, low income country (Kosova).Material and Methods:Bone Mineral Density (BMD), T-score and Z-score at distal forearm regions of both arms (measured by DXA scan), together with the Handgrip Isometric Strength (HIS) (by handgrip) were evaluated in a total subjects (53 Males and 109 Females). Additionally, General Healthcare Status Questionnaire together with self-administrated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were filled.Results:Significant differences (p<0.05) between arms were found in BMD, T-score, and Z-score in total subjects and in females, whereas not significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in Males BMD comparing to significantly higher results (p<0.05) in T-score and Z-score. Significant differences (p<0.05) were also found in total subjects and in females handgrip, but not (p>0.05) in males. When comparing the total subject’s BMD, T-score, Z-score and Handgrip based on the PA levels (1 to 3 according to IPAQ scoring) no significant differences (p>0.05) were found between PA1, as well as PA3 whereas significantly differences (p<0.05) were found in D arms of PA2 level.Conclusion:The study analyses side-to-side differences in bone density and muscular force between D and ND arms amongst a population which is frequently exposed to diagnostic screenings for age related osteomuscular conditions (aged 40-60), and demonstrates that these differences should be in consideration amongst clinicians, but not in the way it is done right now.

Pattern and Factors Associated with Medicine Usage in Middle-aged Adults: a Population Based Cross-Sectional Study

“…Participants characteristics as shown in our previous study 17 , resulted in no differences observed in age and weight between male (55.15±7.12 and 78.21±13.25, respectively) and female participants (54.27±5.1 and 75.52±11.01, respectively), and significant differences in height and body mass index (BMI) between males (173.06±7.51 and 26.05±3.73, respectively) and females (164.52±5.58 and 27.95±4.36, respectively).…”

“…PA level was measured with self-administered IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) by weighting each type of activity by its energy requirements (MET) for the last seven days, translated and updated in Albanian from Boshnjaku A et al 15,16 Based on this questionnaire, all the subjects were classified on three groups according to the level of PA (low, moderate and high). 15 Listed questionnaires were previously translated and validated in Albanian by Boshnjaku et al (2015) and Krasniqi E et al (2016). Every participant was interviewed through filling these questionnaires.…”

Association between Relative Handgrip Strength and Osteoporosis in Older Women: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2018

“…It is challenging to compare this study to previous studies on osteoporosis because few have reported the association between osteoporosis and HGS; while several studies showed the relationship between osteoporotic fracture and HGS, 14 - 16 , 35 ) they did not use RHGS by applying BMI; therefore, they did not completely prove the role of HGS. Moreover, they used only HGS without considering the dominant hand.…”

“…Although there are differences in disease, our results are is similar to those of previous studies reporting a significant association only in the left hand. In their observational, cross-sectional study of the differences in BMD, T-score, Z-score at distal forearm regions of both arms and handgrip isometric strength between dominant versus non-dominant hands in 162 subjects aged 40–65 years, 35 ) the authors reported significantly higher BMD, T-score, Z-score, and handgrip isometric strength in the dominant hand than those in the non-dominant hand among women aged 40–65 years (p<0.05). This finding suggests that there is also a significant difference in baseline values between non-dominant and dominant hands.…”

“…This finding suggests that there is also a significant difference in baseline values between non-dominant and dominant hands. 35 ) Similarly, we tried to compare HGS by dividing the participants according to their dominant and non-dominant hands. However, over 94% of subjects were right-handed.…”