Siegesbeckiae Herba Extract and Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorate the Death of HaCaT Keratinocytes Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter by Mitigating Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Airborne particulate matter with a size of 10 μm or less (PM10) can cause oxidative damages and inflammatory reactions in the skin. This study was conducted to discover natural products that are potentially useful in protecting the skin from PM10. Among the hot water extracts of a total of 23 medicinal plants, Siegesbeckiae Herba extract (SHE), which showed the strongest protective effect against PM10 cytotoxicity, was selected, and its mechanism of action and active constituents were explored. SHE ameliorated PM10-induced cell death, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT cells. SHE decreased the expression of KEAP1, a negative regulator of NRF2, and increased the expression of NRF2 target genes, such as HMOX1 and NQO1. SHE selectively induced the enzymes involved in the synthesis of GSH (GCL-c and GCL-m), the regeneration of GSH (GSR and G6PDH), and GSH conjugation of xenobiotics (GSTκ1), rather than the enzymes that directly scavenge ROS (SOD1, CAT, and GPX1). SHE increased the cellular content of GSH and mitigated the oxidation of GSH to GSSG caused by PM10 exposure. Of the solvent fractions of SHE, the n-butyl alcohol (BA) fraction ameliorated cell death in both the absence and presence of PM10. The BA fraction contained a high amount of chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid reduced PM10-induced cell death, LDH release, and ROS production. This study suggests that SHE protects cells from PM10 toxicity by increasing the cellular antioxidant capacity and that chlorogenic acid may be an active phytochemical of SHE.

Cold Stress Induced Liver Injury of Mice through Activated NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pyroptosis Signaling Pathway

“…LDH is a metabolic enzyme, which is more distributed in the liver than in serum. Thus, when tissue is damaged, the enzyme is released into the blood and measured to aid in the diagnosis of liver disease [ 33 ]. In this study, the changes of AST, ALT and LDH in serum and liver of mice after chronic cold exposure were detected to determine the damage of liver function.…”

Antioxidant and Antiaging Properties of a Novel Synergistic Nutraceutical Complex: Readouts from an In Cellulo Study and an In Vivo Prospective, Randomized Trial

“…For instance, flavonolignans found in Linum usitatissimum and Silybum marianum have attracted growing interest for their potent lifespan-extending, anti-aggregation and antioxidation properties in cell cultures and model organisms [37][38][39]. Similarly, for the polyphenolic compounds found in abundance in Cynara scolymus extract, and specifically for chlorogenic acid, numerous studies highlighted its ability to mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2 pathway that regulates redox homeostasis [40,41]. Finally, another ingredient that was also used in the final composition was the mastic powder from Pistacia lentiscus L. var chia, an endemic tree grown on Chios Island in Greece.…”

“…Collectively, the antiaging, antioxidant and well-being properties of the examined composition are the result of a combined action against cellular oxidation, maintenance of the proteasome content and activity, the main secondary antioxidant mechanism of defense, maintenance of telomere length and preservation of optimum DNA methylation levels. An increasing line of evidence has emphasized the antioxidant properties of the selected natural compounds, through various in vitro methodological approaches [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][54][55][56]. However, to our knowledge, this is the first time that these compounds are combined into a complex that has additive/synergistic action and was tested on multiple hallmarks of aging, both in cellulo and in vivo.…”

Preventative Effects of Antioxidants against PM10 on Serum IgE Concentration, Mast Cell Counts, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Keratinocyte Differentiation Markers in DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Mouse Model

“…Resveratrol is a natural product of polyphenolic compounds synthesized by plants in response to infection or other stressors [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Siegesbeckiae Herba extract (SHE) has been used in traditional medicine in many Asian countries [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The effect of phytochemicals and biological function of these compounds have recently been studied [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

“…Siegesbeckiae Herba extract (SHE) has been used in traditional medicine in many Asian countries [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The effect of phytochemicals and biological function of these compounds have recently been studied [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”