SIGMA: The hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray telescope on board the GRANAT space observatory

Paul, J.; Mandrou, P.; Ballet, J.; Cantin, M.; Chabaud, J. P.; Cordier, B.; Ehanno, M.; Goldwurm, A.; Lambert, A.; Landé, J.; Laurent, Philippe; Lebrun, F.; Leray, J. P.; Mena, B.; Niel, M.; Roques, J. P.; Rouaix, G.; Salotti, L.; Souleille, P.; Védrenne, G.

doi:10.1016/0273-1177(91)90181-i

Cited by 113 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Several space observatories have been equipped with coded mask telescopes: Spacelab/XRT (Skinner et al 1987b), MIR/KVANT/TTM (Sunyaev et al 1991), GRANAT/ART-P (Pavlinsky et al 1992(Pavlinsky et al , 1994, GRANAT/SIGMA (Paul et al 1991;Sunyaev et al 1991), and BeppoSAX/WFC (Jager et al 1997). Coded mask imagers now operate onboard INTEGRAL (the IBIS, JEM-X, and SPI telescopes; Winkler et al 2003), Swift (the Burst Alert Telescope, BAT; Barthelmy et al 2005), and AGILE (Super-AGILE; Feroci et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PalermoSwift-BAT hard X-ray catalogue

Segreto

Cusumano

Ferrigno

et al. 2010

A&A

111

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Aims. We develop a code, the BatImager, for efficient data processing and image reconstruction of the Swift-BAT survey data. Methods. The software performs image reconstruction via the cross-correlation method and also generates source spectra and light curves. The software is optimized for the direct production of all-sky mosaics on an equi-area spherical grid. To reduce systematic errors, we perform an accurate inflight calibration of the instrument, producing an improved description of the mask pattern, timedependent pixel equalization maps, boresight misalignment correction, and energy dependent off-axis count rate correction. Results. The software is fully tested and used for the analysis of BAT survey data, demonstrating that the BatImager is competitive in exploiting the BAT capabilities both for sensitivity and for position reconstruction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PalermoSwift-BAT hard X-ray catalogue

Segreto

Cusumano

Ferrigno

et al. 2010

A&A

111

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“…Another factor is that coded mask instruments can be compact and easy to implement, making them good options for wide-field hard X-ray and low energy γ-ray monitors of the highly variable and transient source populations in this energy range. Important examples of coded mask satellite instruments that have made significant contributions to astronomy are: SIGMA (Paul et al 1991) and ART-P (Sunyaev et al 1990) instruments onboard GRANAT, the ASM on RXTE (Levine et al 1996), the WFCs on BeppoSAX (Jager et al 1997…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging balloon experiment

Penacchioni

Braga

D'Amico

et al. 2017

The Fourteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting

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Context. The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging telescope is a balloon-borne experiment developed as a pathfinder for the MIRAX satellite mission. The experiment consists essentially in a coded-aperture hard X-ray (30-200 keV) imager with a square array (13×13) of 2mm-thick planar CZT detectors with a total area of 169 cm 2 . The total, fully-coded field-of-view is 21• × 21• and the angular resolution is 1• 43 . In this paper we describe the protoMIRAX instrument and all the subsystems of its balloon gondola, and we show simulated results of the instrument performance. Aims. The main objective of protoMIRAX is to carry out imaging spectroscopy of selected bright sources to demonstrate the performance of a prototype of the MIRAX hard X-ray imager. Methods. Detailed background and imaging simulations have been performed for protoMIRAX balloon flights. The 3-σ sensitivity for the 30-200 keV range is ∼1.9 × 10 −5 photons cm −2 s −1 for an integration time of 8 hs at an atmospheric depth of 2.7 g cm −2 and an average zenith angle of 30• . We have developed an attitude control system for the balloon gondola and new data handling and ground systems that also include prototypes for the MIRAX satellite.Results. We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the camera response at balloon altitudes, showing the expected background level and the detailed sensitivity of protoMIRAX. We also present the results of imaging simulations of the Crab region. Conclusions. The results show that protoMIRAX is capable of making spectral and imaging observations of bright hard X-ray source fields. Furthermore, the balloon observations will carry out very important tests and demonstrations of MIRAX hardware and software in a near space environment.

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“…Another factor is that coded mask instruments can be compact and easy to implement, making them good options for wide-field hard X-ray and low-energy γ-ray monitors of the highly variable and transient source populations in this energy range. Important examples of coded mask satellite instruments that have made significant contributions to astronomy are the SIGMA (Paul et al 1991) and ART-P (Sunyaev et al 1990) instruments onboard GRANAT, the ASM on RXTE (Levine et al 1996), the WFCs on BeppoSAX (Jager et al 1997), the WFM on HETE-2 (Ricker et al 2003), instruments on the INTEGRAL satellite (Winkler 1995), and Swift/BAT (Gehrels & Swift Team 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging balloon experiment

Braga

D'Amico

Ávila

et al. 2015

A&A

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Context. The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging telescope is a balloon-borne experiment developed as a pathfinder for the MIRAX satellite mission. The experiment consists essentially in a coded-aperture hard X-ray (30-200 keV) imager with a square array (13 × 13) of 2 mm-thick planar CZT detectors with a total area of 169 cm 2 . The total, fully-coded field-of-view is 21 • × 21 • and the angular resolution is 1 • 43 . Aims. The main objective of protoMIRAX is to carry out imaging spectroscopy of selected bright sources to demonstrate the performance of a prototype of the MIRAX hard X-ray imager. In this paper we describe the protoMIRAX instrument and all the subsystems of its balloon gondola, and we show simulated results of the instrument performance. Methods. Detailed background and imaging simulations were performed for protoMIRAX balloon flights. The 3σ sensitivity for the 30-200 keV range is ∼1.9 × 10 −5 photons cm −2 s −1 for an integration time of 8 h at an atmospheric depth of 2.7 g cm −2 and an average zenith angle of 30 • . We developed an attitude-control system for the balloon gondola and new data handling and ground systems that also include prototypes for the MIRAX satellite.Results. We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the camera response at balloon altitudes, showing the expected background level and the detailed sensitivity of protoMIRAX. We also present the results of imaging simulations of the Crab region. Conclusions. The results show that protoMIRAX is capable of making spectral and imaging observations of bright hard X-ray source fields. Furthermore, the balloon observations will carry out very important tests and demonstrations of MIRAX hardware and software in a near space environment.

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SIGMA: The hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray telescope on board the GRANAT space observatory

Cited by 113 publications

References 3 publications

The PalermoSwift-BAT hard X-ray catalogue

The PalermoSwift-BAT hard X-ray catalogue

The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging balloon experiment

The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging balloon experiment

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