2010
DOI: 10.1063/1.3505113
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Signal-to-noise analysis of biomedical photoacoustic measurements in time and frequency domains

Abstract: Sensitivity analysis of photoacoustic measurements is conducted using estimates of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved under two different modes of optical excitation. The standard pulsed time-domain photoacoustic imaging is compared to the frequency-domain counterpart with a modulated optical source. The feasibility of high-SNR continuous wave depth-resolved photoacoustics with frequency-swept (chirp) modulation pattern has been demonstrated. Utilization of chirped modulation waveforms achieves dramatic … Show more

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Cited by 73 publications
(48 citation statements)
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“…Also, in this study, we employed an unweighted least-squares data fidelity term, which is equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimator assuming that the randomness in the measured data is due to additive Gaussian white noise (Wernick M. N. & Aarsvold, 2004). However, additive Gaussian white noise may not be a good approximation in practice (Telenkov & Mandelis, 2010). Identification of the noise sources and characterization of their second order statistical properties will facilitate iterative reconstruction algorithms that may optimally reduce noise levels in the reconstructed images.…”
Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Also, in this study, we employed an unweighted least-squares data fidelity term, which is equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimator assuming that the randomness in the measured data is due to additive Gaussian white noise (Wernick M. N. & Aarsvold, 2004). However, additive Gaussian white noise may not be a good approximation in practice (Telenkov & Mandelis, 2010). Identification of the noise sources and characterization of their second order statistical properties will facilitate iterative reconstruction algorithms that may optimally reduce noise levels in the reconstructed images.…”
Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The amplitude of the PA signals from different targets for different modulation frequencies of laser light were obtained by using the cross-correlation operation, also known as matched filtering on the detected ultrasound signal with the reference signal of the intensity-modulated light [27]. Examples of laser-induced tone-burst PA signal from optically absorbant silicone phantom and resulting signals after applying the matched filtering with the reference signal are shown in Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The safety standard sets the maximum exposure level for λ = 1064 nm and exposure duration t = 10 −7 – 10 s as E MPE = 5.5 t 0.25 (J/cm 2 ) [46], where E stands for laser exposure. If I 0 is defined as laser irradiance (W/cm 2 ), then the maximum duration ( t max ) of I 0 to reach E MPE level can be obtained by t max = (5.5/ I 0 ) 4/3 .…”
Section: Materials and Experimentalmentioning
confidence: 99%