“…As heritage unites with ritualistic elements, cultural food consumption, a symbolic portrayal of its root culture, helps to arouse the connection between individuals and their own cultural heritage (Horng and Tsai, 2010 ; Wu et al, 2021 ). Additionally, such factors as dining atmospherics (Ha and Jang, 2010 ; Jang et al, 2012 ; Jang and Ha, 2015 ), employees' appearance or ethnicity (Baker and Kim, 2018 ), the presence of other customers (Song et al, 2019 ), menu design (Kim et al, 2017 ; Yu et al, 2020 ), and service innovation (Su, 2011 ) will potentially influence consumers' cultural food consumption experiences, thus increasing the culturedness of gastronomy tourism (Sims, 2010 ).…”