2010
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.08.002
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Signaling Mechanisms in Neuroendocrine Tumors as Targets for Therapy

Abstract: Although neuroendocrine tumors are rare, the more common types such as gastrointestinal and pancreatic carcinoids, medullary thyroid cancers, and small cell lung cancers have been studied in detail over the last few years. Published data thus far indicates that multiple signaling pathways are involved in these cancers. Recent focus has been on developing novel therapeutics by targeting specific signaling pathways. This paper will detail several of the signaling mechanisms that have been discovered to play a ro… Show more

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Cited by 17 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…Endothelial cells [via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR)] and pericytes [via platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)] are also crucial in promoting angiogenesis and providing a continuous blood supply to proliferating cancer cells [32,33]. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3 K)-Akt and phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathways are crucial for downstream VEGFR and PDGFR signaling, and the PI3 K/Akt/m-TOR, RAS/RAF/MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways for signal transduction of IGFR-1 and sstrs [27]. Novel anticancer drugs that cause inhibition of the VEGFR and PDGFR, such as sunitinib, and the downstream targets of both the PI3 K-Akt and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways, such as everolimus that inhibits the mTOR pathway, have already been used in Phase II and III studies [31,[34][35][36].…”
Section: Molecular Classificationmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Endothelial cells [via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR)] and pericytes [via platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)] are also crucial in promoting angiogenesis and providing a continuous blood supply to proliferating cancer cells [32,33]. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3 K)-Akt and phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathways are crucial for downstream VEGFR and PDGFR signaling, and the PI3 K/Akt/m-TOR, RAS/RAF/MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways for signal transduction of IGFR-1 and sstrs [27]. Novel anticancer drugs that cause inhibition of the VEGFR and PDGFR, such as sunitinib, and the downstream targets of both the PI3 K-Akt and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways, such as everolimus that inhibits the mTOR pathway, have already been used in Phase II and III studies [31,[34][35][36].…”
Section: Molecular Classificationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The development, growth and survival of NETs depend on a variety of complex signaling mechanisms [27]. Extensive research has now been employed to delineate the details of these multiple pathways that play a fundamental role in GEP-NETs development and to try and develop clinically meaningful therapeutic compounds.…”
Section: Molecular Classificationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Phosphotidylinositol 3, 4, 5-triphosphate plays a key role in activating Akt, a serine/threonine kinase. Akt, in turn, affects multiple downstream targets, including glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β), nuclear transcription factor beta (NFκB), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) [45]. These genes have been shown to be involved in the progression of various cancers.…”
Section: Ret Proto-oncogenementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hence, the notch pathway is a prime target for new, unconventional pharmacologic therapeutic agents. Valproic acid and suberoyl bishydroxamic acid, histone deacetylase inhibitors, have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo , to upregulate Notch1 signaling and suppress growth in papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, and carcinoid cells [45, 93]. In addition, ASCL1 expression and cyclin D1 were suppressed, and p21 production was increased.…”
Section: Growth Factorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Raf-1 acts as a kinase repressor in MAPKs and its activation in MTC cells results in growth arrest and ultimately a reduction in NE marker production [10,11]. However, the exact mediator of this effect is not clearly understood.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%