Signaling of extracellular matrices for tissue regeneration and therapeutics

Abstract

Cells receive important regulatory signals from their extracellular matrix (ECM) and the physical property of the ECM regulates important cellular behaviors like cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. A large part of tissue formation and regeneration depends on cellular interaction with its ECM. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic biochemical pathway of the ECM components is necessary for the design of a biomaterial scaffold for tissue engineering. Depending on the type of tissue, the ECM requirement might be different and this would influence its downstream intracellular cell signaling. Here, we reviewed the ECM and its signaling pathway by discussing: 1) classification of the ECM into hard, elastic and soft tissue based on its physical properties, 2) proliferation and differentiation control of the ECM, 3) roles of membrane receptor and its intracellular regulation factor, 4) ECM remodeling via inside-out signaling. By providing a comprehensive overview of the ECM's role in mechanotransduction and the self-regulatory effect of cells back on the ECM, we hope to provide a better insight of the physical and biochemical cues from the ECM. A sound understanding on the in vivo ECM has implication on the choice of materials and surface coating of biomimetic scaffolds used for tissue regeneration and therapeutics in a cell-free scaffold.

A transcriptomic analysis of serial-cultured, tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells reveals decreased integrin α3 protein as a potential biomarker of senescent cells

“…Stem cell self-renewal is tightly regulated by the concerted action of intrinsic factors and signals from stem cells within the niche. The signals from the niche often function within a short-range, allowing the cells within the niche to self-renew, while their daughters outside the niche differentiate to specific cell types [ 27 , 28 ]. Thus, for stem cells to continuously self-renew, they are often anchored in the niche via adhesion molecules [ 29 ].…”

Creation of an injectable in situ gelling native extracellular matrix for nucleus pulposus tissue engineering

“…Tissue-derived biomaterials can offer unique advantages over synthetic materials such as limited foreign body response, native cell response, and integration into surrounding tissue using endogenous enzymes [30][31][32][33]. However, to minimize immune rejection of the tissue and to prevent the need for systemic immunosuppression, it is essential to remove cells and antigens.…”

Fabrication of Oxygen Releasing Scaffold by Embedding H2O2-PLGA Microspheres into Alginate-Based Hydrogel Sponge and Its Application for Wound Healing

“…and cytokines (IL-1 α, etc.) from the skin cells, the result of which improves wound healing [35]. The ORHS creates an appropriate environment around the wounded area for healing and the stimulation of angiogenesis, while enhancing the fibroblast proliferation.…”