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Introduction: Investigating rotation curves and the Tully-Fisher ratio within galaxies represents a central theme of extensive research and scientific interest. Despite several theoretical models, a comprehensive explanation of the observed correlation between galaxy types and their rotation curves remains elusive. This study endeavors to bridge this knowledge gap by delving into the discernible connection between the presence of dark matter and galaxy classification.

Theoretical background: By meticulously examining the gravitational field's dependency on its source's point symmetry, we introduce a novel theoretical framework that offers a coherent rationale for these empirical findings. 

Results: Our proposed model explains the appearance of dark matter as a direct consequence of the reduction of point symmetry in gravitational systems. Neither arbitrary systems with a high mass density nor a perfectly spherically symmetric mass distribution give the observable effects of dark matter. Special attention was paid to the axial symmetry scenario as a reasonable approach for modeling the mass distribution in most galaxies. We thoroughly analyzed, showing strong agreement with experimental observations for dwarf, Sb, and Scd galaxies. 

Conclusion: Thus, our study provides a compelling theoretical foundation for elucidating the intricate interplay between galaxy types, rotation curves, and the presence of dark matter, shedding new light on the dynamics of the cosmos.
Introduction: Investigating rotation curves and the Tully-Fisher ratio within galaxies represents a central theme of extensive research and scientific interest. Despite several theoretical models, a comprehensive explanation of the observed correlation between galaxy types and their rotation curves remains elusive. This study endeavors to bridge this knowledge gap by delving into the discernible connection between the presence of dark matter and galaxy classification.

Theoretical background: By meticulously examining the gravitational field's dependency on its source's point symmetry, we introduce a novel theoretical framework that offers a coherent rationale for these empirical findings. 

Results: Our proposed model explains the appearance of dark matter as a direct consequence of the reduction of point symmetry in gravitational systems. Neither arbitrary systems with a high mass density nor a perfectly spherically symmetric mass distribution give the observable effects of dark matter. Special attention was paid to the axial symmetry scenario as a reasonable approach for modeling the mass distribution in most galaxies. We thoroughly analyzed, showing strong agreement with experimental observations for dwarf, Sb, and Scd galaxies. 

Conclusion: Thus, our study provides a compelling theoretical foundation for elucidating the intricate interplay between galaxy types, rotation curves, and the presence of dark matter, shedding new light on the dynamics of the cosmos.
No abstract
We present a review of the Semi-Symmetric Metric Gravity (SSMG) theory, representing a geometric extension of standard general relativity, based on a connection introduced by Friedmann and Schouten in 1924. The semi-symmetric connection is a connection that generalizes the Levi-Civita one by allowing for the presence of a simple form of the torsion, described in terms of a torsion vector. The Einstein field equations are postulated to have the same form as in standard general relativity, thus relating the Einstein tensor constructed with the help of the semi-symmetric connection, with the energy–momentum tensor tensor. The inclusion of the torsion contributions in the field equations has intriguing cosmological implications, particularly during the late-time evolution of the Universe. Presumably, these effects also dominate under high-energy conditions, and thus SSMG could potentially address unresolved issues in general relativity and cosmology, such as the initial singularity, inflation, or the 7Li problem of the Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis. The explicit presence of torsion in the field equations leads to the non-conservation of the energy–momentum tensor tensor, which can be interpreted within the irreversible thermodynamics of open systems as describing particle creation processes. We also review in detail the cosmological applications of the theory, and investigate the statistical tests for several models, by constraining the model parameters via comparison with several observational datasets.
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