Significance of Cardiac Troponins as an Identification Tool in COVID-19 Patients Using Biosensors: An Update

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly developed as a global health emergency. Respiratory diseases are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients with a spectrum of different diseases, from asymptomatic subclinical infection to the progression of severe pneumonia and subsequent acute respiratory distress syndrome. Individuals with cardiovascular disease are more likely to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and develop severe symptoms. Hence, patients with underlying cardiovascular disease mortality rate are over three times. Furthermore, note that patients with a history of cardiovascular disease are more likely to have higher cardiac biomarkers, especially cardiac troponins, than infected patients, especially those with severe disease, making these patients more susceptible to cardiac damage caused by SARS-2-CoV. Biomarkers are important in decision-making to facilitate the efficient allocation of resources. Viral replication in the heart muscle can lead to a cascade of inflammatory processes that lead to fibrosis and, ultimately, cardiac necrosis. Elevated troponin may indicate damage to the heart muscle and may predict death. After the first Chinese analysis, increased cardiac troponin value was observed in a significant proportion of patients, suggesting that myocardial damage is a possible pathogenic mechanism leading to severe disease and death. However, the prognostic performance of troponin and whether its value is affected by different comorbidities present in COVID-19 patients are not known. This review aimed to assess the diagnostic value of troponin to offer insight into pathophysiological mechanisms and reported new assessment methods, including new biosensors for troponin in patients with COVID-19.

Voltammetric Sensors: A Versatile Tool in COVID‐19 Diagnosis and Prognosis

“…Cardiac troponin (ctn) is considered to be a crucial biomarker associated with COVID‐19 [138] . Various voltammetric sensors have been reported for its determination.…”

Paper-Based All-in-One Origami Nanobiosensor for Point-of-Care Detection of Cardiac Protein Markers in Whole Blood

“…It is elevated within a few hours of heart damage and remains elevated for up to 2 weeks. The rising levels in a series of troponin tests performed over several hours can help diagnose a heart attack. , BNP-32 is used to recognize heart failure, and its increased level in patients with ACS indicates an increased risk of recurrent events . D-Dimer is the marker with high sensitivity and relatively high specificity for differentiating MI from unstable angina (UA) in patients with suspected ACS …”

BIOCOVID: A lesson of systemic inflammatory response beyond pneumonia

“…Other studies have highlighted the role kidney markers: serum urea, creatinine, cystatin C. Troponin has been tested in about 16,000 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection over 7 studies and some case report/series. 4 The significance of its assay on infection outcome had not yet been validated. In line with this discussing point, the authors of BICOVID highlighted several potential limitations of their findings that do not affect its value but should rather encourage further studies.…”