Significance of Mg doped LiMn2O4 spinels as attractive 4 V cathode materials for use in lithium batteries

Abstract

Abstract. LiMn204 spinel is one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of its cheapness and eco-friendliness. Due to Jahn-Teller distortion, the capacity fades, however, upon repeated cycling. Attempts are being made to improve the cycle life of the spinel by substitution of manganese with other cations. In this paper we report the effect of partial substitution of manganese by Mg 2+ ions in the LiMn204 phase. LiMgyMn2.yO 4 (y = 0 -0.3) has been synthesized by a thermal method and characterized using XRD, TG/DTA and FTIR. The electrochemical performance is correlated with the dopant concentration.

Effects of multi-dopants (Zn and Ho) in stabilizing spinel structure for cathode materials in lithium rechargeable batteries—Novel chelated sol–gel synthesis

“…3(e) shows high intensity (1 1 1), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0), (3 3 1), (5 5 1), (4 4 0), and (3 5 1) reflections, indicating the samples with high degrees of crystallinity and better phase purities, which are in agreement with previous reports (Thirunakaran, 2014;Thirunakaran, Ravikumar, Vijarani, Gopukumar, & Sivashnamugam, 2012). patterns show the high-intensity reflections of undoped and doped spinels from the (1 1 1), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0), (3 3 1), (5 5 1), (4 4 0), and (3 5 1) planes, confirming pure phases and high degrees of crystallinity, in accord with earlier studies (Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, Dunnill, & Gregory, 2008a;Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, Dunnill, & Gregory, 2008b;Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, Dunnill, & Gregory, 2008c;Thirunakaran, Kim, Kang, & Lee, 2005;Arumugam, Kalaigan, Vediappan, & Lee, 2010;Lee, Park, Eng, Parise, & Grey, 2002;Thirunakaran, Kim, Kang, Seo, & Lee, 2004;Thirunakaran, Sivashanmugam, Gopukumar, & Rajalakshimi, 2009;Thirunakaran et al, 2001;Veluchamy, Ikuta, & Wakihara, 2001;Guo et al, 2008;Fey, Lu, & Prem Kumar, 2003;Thirunakaran, Ravikumar, Vanitha, Gopukumar, & Sivashanmugam, 2011;Liu & Zhang, 2004;Yang et al, 2014;Thirunakaran, Ravikumar, Gopukumar, & Sivashanmugam, 2013). The chelating agents facilitate formation …”

Sol-Gel Synthesis Using Novel Chelating Agent and Electrochemical Characterization of Binary Doped LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Spinel as Cathode Material for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

“…and (351) have been obtained for the samples calcined at 850˚C for 6 h confirms the high degree of crystallinity with better phase purity. These planes are in good agreement with the results obtained for the spinel compound synthesized via sol-gel method or solid-state method [17]- [26]. It is well known that the spinel compound has an Fd3m space group wherein lithium occupies at 8a tetrahedral sites, manganese and dopant ions occupy the 351which are in good accordance with other researchers [24].…”

“…Low temperature synthesis methods viz., sol-gel [13] [14], chemical precipitation [15], hydrothermal and pechini process [16] have been used to obtain cathode materials with expected physical and electrochemical properties to use in lithium-ion batteries. Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 and Zn, Co, Ni and substituted LiMn 2 O 4 synthesized via facile sol-gel method to improve the electrochemical and structural properties of LiMn 2 O 4 spinel based on electrode materials for Li-ion batteries [17]. The present work highlights that efforts have been taken to synthesize physical and electrochemical characterization of LiMn 2 O 4 and LiCu x Cr y Mn 2−x−y O 4 (x = 0.50; y = 0.05 -0.50) via sol-gel method using Myristic acid as new chelating agent for the exploration of this facile synthesis method with good electrochemical performance.…”

Higher, Stronger, Better…︁ A Review of 5 Volt Cathode Materials for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…Experimentally, a substantial number of substituted Mn‐spinels Li( A M) α ( B M) β Mn 2‐α‐β O 4 , which operate over 4.5 V, have been identified. Among these compounds are those substituted with Ti (LiNi 0.5 Ti α Mn 1.5‐α O 4 ,91–93 (LiTi α Mn 2‐α O 4 doesn't demonstrate a high‐voltage plateau)),94, 95 with Cr (LiCr α Mn 2‐α O 4 74–76, 94–96 and LiMn 1.5−α Cr 2α Ni 0.5−α O 4 ),97–100 with Fe,75, 76, 101, 102 with Co,74, 76, 103, 104 with Ni,74, 76, 105–111 with Co and Ni,98, 112, 113 with Fe and Ni,106, 114 with Co, Ni, and Fe (LiNi z Co x Fe y Mn 2‐x‐y‐z O 4 ),115 with Cu,75, 76, 116–118 with Cu and Ni,74, 106 with Zn,74, 119 with Zr,100 with Mg,120 with Mg and Ni,106, 121 and with Al 74, 106, 100…”