Significance of the antibody orientation for the lateral flow immunoassays: A mini-review

A nanoparticle-assisted signal-enhancement technique for lateral flow immunoassays

“…Significant efforts have been dedicated to improving detection sensitivity, as evidenced by numerous high-quality reviews in the field. 17–22 These endeavours encompass a range of strategies, including orientating antibodies on the labels and membranes, 23,24 exploring alternative recognition units such as aptamers 25,26 and glycans 27 in lieu of antibodies, integrating isothermal amplification methods 4 and/or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) system 28–30 with LFIA, controlling the flow dynamics in LFIA, 31 developing dedicated reader devices, 32 and customizing labelling materials 10,33–35 like noble metal nanomaterials, 36–39 quantum dots (QDs), 40 upconversion nanomaterials, 41 and enzymes 42 to amplify colorimetric, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and electrochemical 43 signals.…”