Significances of viable synergistic autophagy-associated cathepsin B and cathepsin D (CTSB/CTSD) as potential biomarkers for sudden cardiac death

Abstract

Background The Cathepsins family, including cathepsin B and cathepsin D, potentially affects the entire processes involved in atherosclerosis. Although coronary heart disease (CHD) has been widely studied as the basis of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD), the relationship between CHD and CTSB/D remains unclear. Methods We screened for differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with autophagy by limma package in R. For the genes corresponding to the DEPs after screening, we used various databases to carry out functional enrichment of related DEGs to explore their possible influence on a specific aspect of the disease. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed by DAVID, Metascape and GSEA. STRING and Cytoscape were obtained the hub genes, the analysis of interaction networks through the GENMANIA and Networkanalyst. Western Blot was used to validate the protein expression level of target genes. TF and miRNA prediction were performed using Networkanalyst and visualized using Cytoscape. Results The expression levels of members of the cathepsin family were up regulated in CHD tissues compared with the control. GO and KEGG revealed that cathepsin was markedly enriched in endopeptidase activities, immune responses, lysosome pathways, et al. The correlation analysis showed that in patients with CHD, the CTSB/CTSD expression were negatively correlated with ATG4D and BNIP3, but positively with BCL2L1, CAPNS1, and TP53. In the TF-mRNA-miRNA network, has-miR-24-3p and has-miR-128-3p had higher degrees, CTSB/CTSD could be targeted by them. Conclusions Our findings elucidated the expression and regulatory role of cathepsins in coronary heart disease induced SCD and might further explore the potential mechanisms of autophagy in CHD.

Identification of Biomarkers of Autophagy-Related Genes Between Early and Advanced Carotid Atherosclerosis

“… 34 It has been argued that the expression levels of CTSB which was associated with autophagy was upregulated in coronary heart disease tissues. 35 In the CTSB knockout mice, the susceptibility to attenuated enterovirus infection, replication, and disease of food restriction (FR) required functional autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis was blunted. 36 It was reported that elevated blood sugar and obesity are recognized risk factors for atherosclerotic diseases.…”

Bioinformatics Analysis of next generation sequencing data for Risk Prediction in Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus

“…A previous study reported that LXN (latexin) [84], LMNA (lamin A/C) [85], PFKFB3 [86], NEU1 [87], TBK1 [88], GRN (granulin precursor) [89], CTSD (cathepsin D) [90], ACADS (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain) [91], IRF7 [92], S1PR1 [93], ZAP70 [94], IDH1 [95], IL15 [96], PIK3R1 [97], OSM (oncostatin M) [98], SOCS3 [99], USP21 [100], CEP19 [101], KDM2A [102], TP53 [103], BRD2 [104], ATP6 [105], BRD4 [106], COX2 [107], RPS6 [108], ND2 [109], CYTB (cytochrome b) [110] and COX1 [111] are altered expressed in obesity. Altered expression of BCL3 [112], TRAF2 [113], NEU1 [114], SNAP29 [115], AGPAT2 [116], LPCAT3 [117], ADORA2B [118], CTSD (cathepsin D) [119], ACADS (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain) [120], ACAD9 [121], E4F1 [122], IRF7 [123], TAF1 [124], S1PR1 [125], RASSF1 [126], ELAC2 [127], RNF146 [128], COX15 [129], SMYD2 [130], IDH1 [131], MTO1 [132], IL15 [133], PIK3R1 [134], ASB1 [135], OSM (oncostatin M) [136], ZNF791 [137], GBA (glucosylceramidase beta) [138], SOCS3 [139], SLC39A7 [140], AKIP1 [141], AMIGO2 [142], GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase) [143], SEMA4D [144], KDM2A [145], TP53 [146], JARID2 [147], CTBP1 [148], ATP6 [149], RPL7 [150], HSP90AA1 [151], BRD4 [152], PSMB4 [153], COX2 [154], JUND (JunD proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit) [155], RPS5 [156], RACK1 […”

“…Pathways include metabolism [ [89], CTSD (cathepsin D) [90], ACADS (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain) [91], IRF7 [92], S1PR1 [93], ZAP70 [94], IDH1 [95], IL15 [96], PIK3R1 [97], OSM (oncostatin M) [98], SOCS3 [99], USP21 [100], CEP19 [101], KDM2A [102], TP53 [103], BRD2 [104], ATP6 [105], BRD4 [106], COX2 [107], RPS6 [108], ND2 [109], CYTB (cytochrome b) [110] and COX1 [111] are altered expressed in obesity. Altered expression of BCL3 [112], TRAF2 [113], NEU1 [114], SNAP29 [115], AGPAT2 [116], LPCAT3 [117], ADORA2B [118], CTSD (cathepsin D) [119], ACADS (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain) [120], ACAD9 [121], E4F1 [122], IRF7 [123], TAF1 [124], S1PR1 [125], RASSF1 [126], ELAC2 [127], RNF146 [128], COX15 [129], SMYD2 [130], IDH1 [131], MTO1 [132], IL15 [133], PIK3R1 [134], ASB1 [135], OSM (oncostatin M)…”

Gene Networks of Hyperglycemia, Diabetic Complications, and Human Proteins Targeted by SARS-CoV-2: What Is the Molecular Basis for Comorbidity?

“…It was found that cathepsin B participates in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. It is also involved in some diabetic complications, including CVD [148,149]. The downregulation of CTSB suppresses autophagy and promotes apoptosis contributing to the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy [150].…”