The aim of this study is to achieve a high fraction of
monoene
in biomass-derived cardanol to manipulate a well-balanced potential
of cross-linking and coupling between resin and curing agent for heavy-duty
coating. We reported a heterogeneous nonprecious trimetallic catalyst
for selective hydrogenation of polyenes in cardanol for the first
time. By cointroducing the second and third metal constituents (Cu
and Co), and particularly facet controlling as well as Zn doping of
Al2O3 substrate, we can accomplish the highly
selective hydrogenation of triene/diene into monoene with variable
ratio. The larger sized Ni entities with higher electron density on
the Al2O3 hexagonal plates are more favorable
for activating triene/diene responsible for a high potential of selective
hydrogenation. On the other hand, the Ni0 fraction is comparatively
lower, while the mean particle size of Ni0 is the smallest
with lower electron density on the commercially obtained γ-Al2O3 spherules. The latter kind of Ni entities is
more favorable for activating hydrogen to generate highly reactive
H species accounting for a strong potential of full hydrogenation.
Over a fine-tuned 10% Ni-5% Co-3% Cu/3% Zn-Al2O3-hexagonal plate under the optimized conditions (7.5% cardanol in n-butanol, 2.5 MPa H2, 80 °C, and 3.5 h),
as high as 76% monoene can be obtainable. It is worth noting that
not only the current catalyst system is more economic but also the
reaction becomes kinetically much faster (within 3.5 h). This catalyst
system is operational to a large-scale application in the modification
of cardanol via selective hydrogenation. Ni–Co–Cu synergism
and low-content Zn modification of the Al2O3 (110) facet are essential to achieve the aim of this study.