Significant steps in ship recycling vis-a-vis wastes generated in a cluster of yards in Alang: a case study

Quantitative assessment of material composition of end-of-life ships using onboard documentation

“…While Andersen et al (1999) aimed to quantify the materials of environmental concerns available on an EOL VLCC ship by sampling; Hiremath et al (2015) and Sarraf (2010) attempted to quantify waste streams of various ship types on an aggregate level whereas Reddy et al (2003) attempted to quantify the waste generated by Alang-Sosiya ship breaking yard in Gujarat, India in terms of MT/day by sampling on beach. Although all four authors (Andersen et al, 1999, Hiremath et al, 2015, Reddy et al, 2003, Sarraf, 2010 attempted to quantify only the waste streams while ignoring other material streams such as ferrous, non-ferrous, machinery etc., their studies are unfortunately not comparable due to different approach of research used by them.…”

“…Although all four authors (Andersen et al, 1999, Hiremath et al, 2015, Reddy et al, 2003, Sarraf, 2010 attempted to quantify only the waste streams while ignoring other material streams such as ferrous, non-ferrous, machinery etc., their studies are unfortunately not comparable due to different approach of research used by them.…”

“…The study carried out by Hiremath et al (2015) is the most accurate of these studies because authors used a relatively large sample set of 241 ships. However, both the type of ships demolished and the materials on board vessels change over time (the first due to economic circumstances and the second due to changes in regulations).…”

“…(Hiremath et al, 2015, Rahman and Mayer, 2015, Gregson et al, 2012, Crang et al, 2013 helping recyclers realise value from otherwise 'waste' materials of the ship. The ship recycling yards in major ship recycling nations such as India, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan and Turkey offer different prices due to such factors.…”

Orchestrating transnational environmental governance in maritime shipping

“…While technical analyses of green shipping are emerging, questions about effective governance are generally not addressed. Environmental topics covered include: ship recycling, energy efficiency, ballast water management, and emissions of CO 2 , particulate matter, sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (For specific examples see: Bax et al, 2003;Corbett et al, 2007;Asariotis and Benamara, 2012;Briski et al, 2012;Hiremath et al, 2015). Of the few international environmental governance studies conducted on the shipping sector: DeSombre (2006) examines the implications of the open ship register system on marine environmental protection, safety and labor conditions arguing that shipping standards have gravitated toward the 'regulatory middle', despite the rapid growth of open registers; Tan (2006) evaluates the regulation of vessel-source pollution in different socio-economic contexts; Roe (2012) argues why a state-centric, hierarchical governance framework has failed to effectively regulate environmental and social issues; and Hackmann (2012) highlights the concern of growing regulatory fragmentation within shipping environmental governance in the case of climate change.…”