Significantly increased amino acid accumulation in a novel albino branch of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

Lu, Mengqian; Han, Jieyun; Zhu, Biying; Jia, Huiyan; Yang, Ting; Wang, Rangjian; Deng, Wei‐Wei; Zhang, Zhengzhu

doi:10.1007/s00425-018-3007-6

Cited by 88 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Deep RNA-sequence technology is a powerful tool to systemically identify key gene candidates in many plants, such as Poplar 60 , Arabidopsis 61 , Camellia sinensis 30,62,63 . To better understand the mechanism of the changes of amino acids in response to N forms and N deficiency, we examined genes encoding enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and initial steps of catabolism under NO 3 − -N, EA-N, NH 4 + -N, and NH 4 + NO 3 -N and N deficiency treatments via deep RNA-seq technology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fragments per kilobase of transcript sequence per millions of base pairs sequenced (FPKM) presented the normalized gene expression 68 . The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among samples with different N treatments were defined using threshold as fold change ≥ 2.00 and adjusted P ≤ 0.05 according to the method 63 . For functional annotation and classification, the genes were aligned to the protein sequence database NR (http://www.…”

Section: Identification Of Differently Expressed Genes Functional Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

Yang

Tai

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Free amino acids, including theanine, glutamine and glutamate, contribute greatly to the pleasant taste and multiple health benefits of tea. Amino acids in tea plants are mainly synthesized in roots and transported to new shoots, which are significantly affected by nitrogen (N) level and forms. However, the regulatory amino acid metabolism genes have not been systemically identified in tea plants. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of free amino acid contents in response to N deficiency and forms in tea plant roots, and systemically identified the genes associated amino acid contents in individual metabolism pathways. Our results showed that glutamate-derived amino acids are the most dynamic in response to various forms of N and N deficiency. We then performed transcriptomic analyses of roots treated with N deficiency and various forms of N, and differentially expressed amino acid metabolic genes in each pathway were identified. The analyses on expression patterns and transcriptional responses of metabolic genes to N treatments provided novel insights for the molecular basis of high accumulation of theanine in tea plant root. These analyses also identified potential regulatory genes in dynamic amino acid metabolism in tea plant root. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the dynamic expression levels of CsGDH, CsAlaDC, CsAspAT, CsSDH, CsPAL, CsSHMT were highly correlated with changes of amino acid contents in their corresponding pathways. Herein, this study provides comprehensive insights into transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root.(Ser), glycine (Gly) and cysteine (Cys) synthesis. In tea plant, Thea is synthesized from Glu and ethylamine (EA) by theanine synthetase (TS) 14 . EA is likely produced from alanine under the catalysis of alanine decarboxylase 15 .Amino acid catabolism have been clearly described in animals, however, limited information of amino acid catabolism is available in plants. Hildebrandt et al. summarized the catabolic pathways of amino acids in land plants. Generally, amino acids are catabolized by oxidative deamination, oxidative decarboxylation, and transamination. These reactions are catalyzed by amino acid dehydrolases, decarboxylases and aminotransferases, respectively. Gln, Asn and Arg are also hydrolyzed by asparaginase, glutaminase, and arginase to release amide groups 16 .The accumulation of free amino acids is resultant of biosynthesis and catabolism. Previous studies showed that feedback inhibition loops control amino acid biosynthesis in plants 17 . Here, the accumulation of an amino acid inhibits the transcription or the activities of the enzymes in its biosynthesis pathway [18][19][20] . Expression of feedback-insensitive form of enzymes resulted in higher levels of the corresponding amino acids 17,21 . The central role of amino acid catabolism is to adjust the amino acid pool size, especially under stress conditions 12 . Some regulatory enzymes in amino acid metabolism have been ident...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification Of Differently Expressed Genes Functional Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

Yang

Tai

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Chlorophyll analysis was carried out as described previously (Lu et al, 2019). Fresh leaves (0.1 g) were cut into small pieces and extracted overnight in 10 ml solvent (5% acetone in 95% ethanol, v/v) until the pieces became completely decolored.…”

Section: Metabolite and Phytohormone Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

From Chloroplast Biogenesis to Chlorophyll Accumulation: The Interplay of Light and Hormones on Gene Expression in Camellia sinensis cv. Shuchazao Leaves

et al. 2020

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Chloroplast development and chlorophyll metabolism have been well described in model plants but not in perennial woody crops. Of particular interest is the interplay between light and hormones under shade conditions. We report that the shade induced accumulation of chlorophylls in Camellia sinensis cv. Shuchazao leaves is at least as a result of (a) positive changes in chloroplast development and (b) light/hormonal regulation of genes and transcription factors involved in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Under shade conditions, leaves developed an abundance of enlarged chloroplasts encapsulating more prominent thylakoid membranes. Four major metabolites in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway namely Chl a, Chl b, DPP, and Mg-Proto IX increased under shade conditions while PBG decreased significantly. Significant changes were found at the transcription level of regulators of chloroplast biogenesis (GLK1 and LHCB), the structural genes in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway (HEMA1, CLH1, PORA, and CAO) and potential components involved in light signaling (PHYA, CRY1, HY5, and DELLAs). Two central signal integrators (GLK1 and LHCB) between the nucleus and chloroplast showed clear responses to shade, suggesting a crucial role of light in regulating chloroplast development in tea leaves. Concurrent with the changes in gene expression, the concentrations of endogenous phytohormones (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins) increased significantly in the later stages of shade conditions. Two key integrators involved in the hormone signal pathways, EIN3 and EBF1/2, increased under shade conditions suggesting that shade induced changes to hormone levels may play some role in modulating chlorophyll biosynthesis in the tea leaves. Overall, this data suggests that the light and hormone influence over chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis in Camellia is similar to that of Arabidopsis. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis in response to light and hormones in a commercially important woody plant such as Camellia, which may facilitate the breeding of high-chlorophyll tea cultivars for the improvement of sensory features of the green tea product.

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“…However, the change in leaf color during leaf senescence is later followed by leaf drop, and the leaf color in coloration mutants start with the initial stage of leaf color formation and would keep this color during leaf growth and development. Studies on leaf color mutants in different varieties of Camellia sinensis show that patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis or degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis or degradation, and chloroplast development affect leaf color [13,14]. Compounds related to carotenoid and chlorophyll synthesis have confirmed that the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) and β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) are important to the abnormal leaf color phenotype of the T. aestivum yellow-green leaf mutant [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Key Genes Involved in Major Metabolic Regulation Related to Colored Leaf Formation in Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’ during Development

et al. 2020

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Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’ not only has a beautiful shape and fresh floral fragrance, but also rich leaf colors that change, making the tree useful for landscaping. In order to study the mechanisms of color formation in O. fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’ leaves, we analyzed the colored and green leaves at different developmental stages in terms of leaf pigment content, cell structure, and transcriptome data. We found that the chlorophyll content in the colored leaves was lower than that of green leaves throughout development. By analyzing the structure of chloroplasts, the colored leaves demonstrated more stromal lamellae and low numbers of granum thylakoid. However, there was a large number of plastoglobuli. Using transcriptome sequencing, we demonstrated that the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll degradation was upregulated, i.e., heme oxygennase-1 (HO1), pheophorbide a oxidase (PAO), and chlorophyllase-2 (CLH2), affecting the synthesis of chlorophyll in colored leaves. The stay-green gene (SGR) was upregulated in colored leaves. Genes involved in carotenoid synthesis, i.e., phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and 1-Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), were downregulated in colored leaves, impeding the synthesis of carotenoids. In the later stage of leaf development, the downregulated expression of Golden2-Like (GLK) inhibited chloroplast development in colored leaves. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate the correlation between physiological indicators and DEGs, we chose the modules with the highest degree of relevance to chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid metabolism. A total of five genes (HSFA2, NFYC9, TCP20, WRKY3, and WRKY4) were identified as hub genes. These analyses provide new insights into color formation mechanisms in O. fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’ leaves at the transcriptional level.

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Significantly increased amino acid accumulation in a novel albino branch of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

Cited by 88 publications

References 48 publications

Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

From Chloroplast Biogenesis to Chlorophyll Accumulation: The Interplay of Light and Hormones on Gene Expression in Camellia sinensis cv. Shuchazao Leaves

Biochemical and Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Key Genes Involved in Major Metabolic Regulation Related to Colored Leaf Formation in Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’ during Development

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