SignStream™

Abstract'Linguistic annotation' covers any descriptive or analytic notations applied to raw language data. The basic data may be in the form of time functions -audio, video and/or physiological recordings -or it may be textual. The added notations may include transcriptions of all sorts (from phonetic features to discourse structures), part-of-speech and sense tagging, syntactic analysis, 'named entity' identification, co-reference annotation, and so on. While there are several ongoing efforts to provide formats and tools for such annotations and to publish annotated linguistic databases, the lack of widely accepted standards is becoming a critical problem. Proposed standards, to the extent they exist, have focussed on file formats. This paper focuses instead on the logical structure of linguistic annotations. We survey a wide variety of existing annotation formats and demonstrate a common conceptual core, the annotation graph. This provides a formal framework for constructing, maintaining and searching linguistic annotations, while remaining consistent with many alternative data structures and file formats.

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“…These properties are put to good use in Figure 16, which employs a score notation (c.f. [8,11,14,27]).…”

Section: Visualizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A formal framework for linguistic annotation

Bird

Liberman

2001

Speech Communication

235

131

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“…This section provides a theoretical background for D-talk to have a better understanding of the process to be used in the application [13,30,32]. This application can provide a helpful tool for communication between the deaf and the external world.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

D-Talk: Sign Language Recognition System for People with Disability using Machine Learning and Image Processing

Saleh¹

2020

IJATCSE

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Communication plays a significant role in making the world a better place. Communication creates bonding and relations among the people, whether persona, social, or political views. Most people communicate efficiently without any issues, but many cannot due to disability. They cannot hear or speak, which makes Earth a problematic place to live for them. Even simple basic tasks become difficult for them. Disability is an emotive human condition. It limits the individual to a certain level of performance. Being deaf and dumb pushes the subject to oblivion, highly introverted. In a world of inequality, this society needs empowerment. Harnessing technology to improve their welfare is necessary. In a tech era, no one should be limited due to his or her inability. The application of technology should create a platform or a world of equality despite the natural state of humans. On the other hand, technology is the most innovative thing on Earth for every time the clock ticks, researchers, software engineers, programmers, and information technology specialists are always coming up with bright ideas to provide convenience to everyone. This paper shows how artificial intelligence is being used to help people who are unable to do what most people do in their everyday lives. Aligned with communication, D-talk is a system that allows people who are unable to talk and hear be fully understood and for them to learn their language easier and also for the people that would interact and communicate with them. This system provides detailed hand gestures that show the interpretation at the bottom so that everyone can understand them. This research allows the readers to learn the system and what it can do to people who are struggling with what they are not capable of and will provide the technical terms on how the system works.

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“…Hand images are collected from two sources of sign language video sequences: Flemish Sign Language data [6] and American Sign Language data [18]. Example frames are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Hand Detection and Segmentation With Nonparametric K θmentioning

confidence: 99%