Silenced by fear:The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work

Why and When Leaders’ Affective States Influence Employee Upward Voice

“…This investigation not only extends the emerging conceptual discussions that focus primarily on how employees' own affect may lead to voice (Kish-Gephart et al, 2009;Harvey, Martinko, & Douglas, 2009), but also enlarges the scope of recent research on positive mood and voice (e.g., Liu, Tangirala, Lam, Chen, Jia, & Huang, 2015) by explicitly scrutinizing the effects of both the positive and negative affect of leaders. Our study thus offers a timely response to the recent call for exploring the connection between affect and voice (Morrison, 2011).…”

“…That is, when a leader's positive affect evokes an employee's positive affect, the employee, in turn, will be more likely to feel safe when interacting with the leader. Psychological safety reflects the extent to which employees believe that they can safely express themselves to leaders without fear of negative consequences (Kahn, 1990;Kish-Gephart, Detert, Treviño, & Edmondson, 2009;Liang, Farh, & Farh, 2012). An individual's own affect provides him or her with information about situations, and such information further influences cognitive processes and behavior (Schwarz & Clore, 1983, 2003.…”

“…The above discussions have highlighted the role of positive affect during leadermember interactions, but prior research have also suggested that negative affect may play an important role in the context of voice (e.g., Edwards, Ashkanasy, & Gardner, 2009;Harvey et al, 2009;Kish-Gephart et al, 2009;Milliken et al, 2003). For example, in their qualitative interviews with employees, Milliken et al (2003) reported that employees usually fear speaking up to their managers.…”

“…One mechanism is the emotional contagion process, by which leaders' affect implicitly evokes employees' affect and then influences employees' consequent attitudes and behaviors (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1994), while the other is the signaling process, by which leaders' affect is cognitively assessed by employees and then influences employees' attitudes and behaviors ). More recently, scholars have also argued that affect may influence psychological safety, defined in this context as employees' belief that they can show and express themselves to leaders without fear of negative consequences during interactions with leaders (Kahn, 1990; Kish-Gephart, Detert, Treviño, & Edmondson, 2009;Liang, Farh, & Farh, 2012) and thus voice behavior (Detert & Burris, 2007;Liang et al, 2012). Therefore, the second purpose of this research is to contribute to the voice and leadership literature by integrating the EASI model and psychological safety studies to explain why leaders' affect influences voice.…”

Would Socrates Have Actually Used the “Socratic Method” for Clinical Teaching?

“…21,22 A person's emotional state affects the physiological processes of learning. 23,24 Deeper and more permanent learning happens when all areas of the brain are used, including the emotional center. 22 Students are more likely to learn when the positive centers of the brain are activated.…”