Silencing of RhoC induces macrophage M1 polarization to inhibit migration and invasion in colon cancer via regulating the PTEN/FOXO1 pathway

Abstract

Ras homologue family member C (RhoC) is an oncogene in diverse types of human cancers, whereas its regulatory mechanisms involving macrophage polarization is rarely investigated. This study is designed to explore the regulatory role of RhoC in colon cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms involving macrophage polarization. We detected RhoC expression by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blot, and analysed the biological function of RhoC knockdown in CC cells by the MTT, wound healing and transwell assay. Macrophage polarization‐associated markers, genes associated with migration, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and forkhead box O (FOXO) were determined by qRT‐PCR and western blot. The xenograft tumour mouse model was used to assess the role of RhoC in vivo. RhoC is highly expressed in CC cells. The cell viability, invasion and migration abilities of CC cells were reduced by knockdown of RhoC. RhoC knockdown promoted M1 polarization, inhibited M2 polarization and decreased levels of genes associated with migration (matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9). Silencing of RhoC inhibited tumour growth and expression of genes associated with migration in the xenografted model. In addition, silencing of RhoC promoted PTEN/FOXO1 expression, and PTEN inhibitor (SF1670) reversed the inhibitory effects of RhoC silencing. We demonstrated that silencing of RhoC reduced CC cells invasion and migration, and tumour growth by suppressing M2 macrophage polarization via regulating the PTEN/FOXO1 pathway.

Macrophage Polarization and the Regulation of Bone Immunity in Bone Homeostasis

“…This process leads to the suppression of TLR4 expression, thereby inhibiting the polarization of M2 macrophage. 46,47 The WU study showed that in mice with periodontitis, PTEN were more prominent than in other species. In mice with periodontitis, PTEN expression was significantly higher than in controls, and high PTEN expression promoted classical macrophage polarization (M1 polarization).…”