“…It is apparent that a prominent broad diffraction peak at 2θ of ~22 is noticed, corresponding to the presence of amorphous silica in nature [21]. Similar results were also consistent with other reported [22][23]. The diffraction peaks at 2θ of 29.74, 34.72, 50.3, and 60.32 are assigned to predominant zirconia with tetrahedral phase (ICDD No.…”
Hydrocracking of crude palm oil (CPO) to produce biofuels was conducted over zirconium nitride supported on SiO2 (SiO2/ZrN) catalyst. SiO2/ZrN was prepared by nitriding the SiO2/Zr at 600 C for 3 hrs under NH3 gas on the cylindrical reactor. SiO2/ZrN exhibited a surface acidity of 0.7132 mmol pyridine g‒1 with a surface area of 96 m2 g‒1, forming predominant mesopores on the catalyst. EDS- mapping analysis showed that the ZrN species exhibited a highly distributed on the SiO2 surface. CPO hydrocracking was conducted at a temperature of 500 C for 1 hr, with a CPO flow rate of 0.02 L min‒1 and H2 flow rate of 0.03 L min‒1. The study revealed that the SiO2/ZrN successfully afforded a CPO conversion up to 94.98 wt.%, a liquid yield of 50.40 wt.%, with a low residue and coke formation. This catalyst promoted high selectivity towards bio-jet up to 72.95 wt.%.
“…It is apparent that a prominent broad diffraction peak at 2θ of ~22 is noticed, corresponding to the presence of amorphous silica in nature [21]. Similar results were also consistent with other reported [22][23]. The diffraction peaks at 2θ of 29.74, 34.72, 50.3, and 60.32 are assigned to predominant zirconia with tetrahedral phase (ICDD No.…”
Hydrocracking of crude palm oil (CPO) to produce biofuels was conducted over zirconium nitride supported on SiO2 (SiO2/ZrN) catalyst. SiO2/ZrN was prepared by nitriding the SiO2/Zr at 600 C for 3 hrs under NH3 gas on the cylindrical reactor. SiO2/ZrN exhibited a surface acidity of 0.7132 mmol pyridine g‒1 with a surface area of 96 m2 g‒1, forming predominant mesopores on the catalyst. EDS- mapping analysis showed that the ZrN species exhibited a highly distributed on the SiO2 surface. CPO hydrocracking was conducted at a temperature of 500 C for 1 hr, with a CPO flow rate of 0.02 L min‒1 and H2 flow rate of 0.03 L min‒1. The study revealed that the SiO2/ZrN successfully afforded a CPO conversion up to 94.98 wt.%, a liquid yield of 50.40 wt.%, with a low residue and coke formation. This catalyst promoted high selectivity towards bio-jet up to 72.95 wt.%.
“…The absorption peaks around 1110, 802, and 468 cm −1 correspond to the Si-O asymmetric stretching, Si-O symmetric stretching, and Si-O-Si bending vibration peaks in the Si-O-Si bond. The broadening of the absorption peak near 1110 cm −1 is due to the overlap of the Si-O-Si stretching vibration peak with the stretching vibration peak of O S O [48] , [49] , [50] . Compared with SSA-C, the SSA-U sample has a broader absorption peak near 1110 cm −1 , indicating that the sulfonic acid groups have been successfully loaded onto the silica surface in both solid acids, and the SO 3 H density SSA-U > SSA-C. Fig.…”
“…A particular species concentration was correlated to the amount of acid sites. 71 In this context, the metal loading as well as the type of zirconium metal clearly influenced the catalyst acidity since it provided alternative acid sites derived from ZrP and ZrN species. Furthermore, Fig.…”
In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels.
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