“…This is crucial not only to mitigate the risk of abuse-induced overdose 9 but also to facilitate dosage monitoring. 10 To date, various analytical methodologies have been employed to quantify morphine and its metabolites 11 in diverse biological matrices, including enzyme immunoassay, 12 gas chromatography 13 (GC), liquid chromatography 14 (LC), gas chromatographymass spectrometry 15 (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 16 (LC-MS). Mass spectrometry is widely recognized as the predominant analytical method among these techniques due to its unparalleled detection sensitivity.…”