Silica nanoparticles (SiO2): Influence of relative humidity in stone consolidation

Zornoza-Indart, Ainara; López-Arce, Paula

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2015.06.002

Cited by 51 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…At this time, on the market are available a wide range of both organic and inorganic consolidants [104,105] with proven efficiency in consolidating different types of masonry materials. The stone consolidants can be divided in three main classes: (i) organic products (alkoxysilanes, recently reviewed by Xu et al [106]); (ii) organic-inorganic mixtures and (iii) purely inorganic products (usually apatitic materials), relevant examples being provided in Table 5.…”

Section: Consolidation and Protection Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Aspects Regarding the Restoration/Conservation of Traditional Wood and Masonry Building Materials: A Short Overview of the Last Decade Findings

2020

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Vernacular buildings are usually constructed using materials at hand, including wood, natural stone and bricks (either clay or mud bricks). All those materials are exposed to a series of environmental factors, affecting their structure and integrity. The literature review was conducted using different databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink) using as keywords the historical material, "heritage" and the terms regarding the desired effect, within the envisaged time period (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019). The assessment of the results was performed by manual inspection (reading the entire article) and the selection of the works to be inserted in the current review was made by evaluating the contribution to the field. This review summarizes different aspects related to the restoration and conservation of wooden and masonry elements of traditional buildings, including materials used for biocidal interventions, protection against abiotic factors, cleaning and consolidation agents. Finally, a critical discussion regarding the current limitations and future perspectives concludes the review work, envisaging the role of researchers specialized in materials science in the context of cultural heritage conservation.

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Section: Consolidation and Protection Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Aspects Regarding the Restoration/Conservation of Traditional Wood and Masonry Building Materials: A Short Overview of the Last Decade Findings

2020

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“…Nanotechnology allows the incorporation of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to consolidants to enhance the dispersion stability and the penetration through fissures [9][10][11]. Zendri et al [11] working with a colloidal suspension of silica nanoparticles of 10-15 nm, sodium silicate and ethyl silicate with calcium carbonate and quartz, found that these consolidants constitute gels of amorphous silica that after the evaporation of the solvent were transformed into xerogels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calcarenites coated with the commercial product Nano Estel from CTS S.L. cured at low relative humidity (40%) showed better effectiveness than those subjected to higher humidity [10]. Nano Estel is an aqueous colloidal solution of nano-size silica particles (10-30 nm).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aesthetic Effects on Granite of Adding Nanoparticle TiO2 to Si-Based Consolidants (Ethyl Silicate or Nano-Sized Silica)

2020

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Considering that consolidant products are commonly used in the cultural heritage field and the titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 ) have been used to develop photocatalyst films to induce self-cleaning property, the scientific research on consolidants doped with TiO 2 is justified. However, the addition of TiO 2 can affect to the physical properties of the cultural heritage object, questioning the adequacy of the procedure. In this paper, we evaluated the influence of nanoparticle TiO 2 addition to two different commercial consolidant products (ethyl silicate or nano-sized silica) on the appearance and the color of a granite and the penetration through its fissure system. The stone was previously subjected to high temperature simulating the effect of a fire and the subsequent tap water jet to cool down. Therefore, different concentrations of nanocrystalline TiO 2 (0.5, 1, and 3 wt %) were considered. The different compositions were also studied considering the compactness, the extent and the thickness of the superficial xerogel coating, and as well the penetration of the consolidant.The minimal TiO 2 concentration tested (0.5 wt %) implied a low-medium risk of incompatibility as an intervention in cultural heritage field, because its low-medium potential as inducer of visible color changes of the granite surface. Regardless of the TiO 2 content, the nano-sized silica induced surface xerogel coatings more compact and continue than those formed in the ethyl silicate coated surfaces. Higher penetration rates were identified in the granite treated with nano-sized silica colloidal solution, while ethyl silicate was only found in the first few µm. It was found that penetration could depend on the application procedure, the solvent of the consolidant and the silica particle size. The TiO 2 addition reduced the penetration of the nano-sized silica consolidant.

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“…The Equotip hardness tester is a versatile, field-portable piece of equipment originally designed for testing metal hardness which has also become popular for non-destructive, rapid assessments of the surface hardness of rocks and building materials (Verwaal and Mulder, 1993;Aoki and Matsukura, 2007;Viles et al, 2011;Menéndez, 2016). Surface hardness measurements are often made as part of geomorphological studies into the degree and rate of rock weathering and stone deterioration (André et al, 2014;Wilhelm et al, 2016a) and assessments of the performance of conservation materials such as consolidants (Perez Ema and Bustamente Montoro, 2013;Zornoza-Indart and Lopez-Arce, 2016). Measuring surface hardness is a quick, easy and non-destructive way of estimating compressive strength and, by implication, of providing information on the weathering status, exposure age and history of a rock or building surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory study of Equotip surface hardness measurements on a range of sandstones: What influences the values and what do they mean?

Désarnaud

Kiriyama

Biçer-Şimşir

et al. 2019

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The Equotip rebound tester is a simple, non‐destructive technique to measure the surface hardness of materials. Having a low impact energy gives the Equotip advantages over the commonly used Schmidt Hammer on weathered rock and stone. In this study we have investigated the influence of different parameters (sample size, moisture content and surface roughness) on the surface hardness values obtained from freshly cut blocks of four types of sandstone. In a series of laboratory experiments both Single Impacts (SIM) and Repeat Impacts (RIM) methods have been used with C and D probes (which have different impact energies). Our results show that whilst sample size is of great importance we find that smaller samples can be reliably evaluated than previously reported. Moisture contents are also found to exert a more important influence on both SIM and RIM results than previously thought, with up to 26% lower hardness values recorded on saturated vs dry sandstone. Conversely, we find that surface roughness (over Sz values of 100 to 800 microns) does not have a significant impact on SIM measurements collected using the D probe. Both SIM and RIM data are found to be good proxies for compressive strength and open porosity, with SIM data collected with the C probe showing the best fits. Data collected using 3D microscopy helps visualize and quantify the small impact marks created by the Equotip and confirms that these are much reduced when using the C vs D probe. The results highlight the benefits of the Equotip to studies of the nature and deterioration of sandstone, the need for careful evaluation of any confounding factors which might influence the values obtained, and illustrate the different advantages of C and D probes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Silica nanoparticles (SiO2): Influence of relative humidity in stone consolidation

Cited by 51 publications

References 29 publications

Selected Aspects Regarding the Restoration/Conservation of Traditional Wood and Masonry Building Materials: A Short Overview of the Last Decade Findings

Selected Aspects Regarding the Restoration/Conservation of Traditional Wood and Masonry Building Materials: A Short Overview of the Last Decade Findings

Aesthetic Effects on Granite of Adding Nanoparticle TiO2 to Si-Based Consolidants (Ethyl Silicate or Nano-Sized Silica)

A laboratory study of Equotip surface hardness measurements on a range of sandstones: What influences the values and what do they mean?

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