Silicateins, the major biosilica forming enzymes present in demosponges: Protein analysis and phylogenetic relationship

Müller, Wernér E.G.; Boreiko, Alexandra; Wang, Xiaohong; Беликов, С. И.; Wiens, Matthias; Grebenjuk, Vladislav A.; Schloßmacher, Ute; Schröder, Heinz C.

doi:10.1016/j.gene.2007.02.014

Cited by 79 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In the present study we found that the total extract as well as the extract from separated lamellae of these spicules contains a silicatein(-related) molecule, with respect to size, post-translation modification and enzyme activity. SDS-PAGE showed that characteristic lowmolecular mass protein(s) of 27·kDa exist in the spicules, which match in size with silicateins from demosponges (Cha et al, 1999;Krasko et al, 2000;Müller et al, 2007a) and correspond to the mature enzyme. As known from the different forms of the silicateins in T. aurantium (Cha et al, 1999) or S. domuncula (Krasko et al, 2000;Müller et al, 2003), these molecules are expressed/translated as a pro-enzyme (signal peptide-propeptidemature enzyme: 36.3·kDa) and processed via the 34.7·kDa form (propeptide-mature enzyme) to the 23·kDa mature enzyme.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Müller

Boreiko

Schloßmacher

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYSilicateins, members of the cathepsin L family, are enzymes that have been shown to be involved in the biosynthesis/condensation of biosilica in spicules from Demospongiae (phylum Porifera), e.g. Tethya aurantium and Suberites domuncula. The class Hexactinellida also forms spicules from this inorganic material. This class of sponges includes species that form the largest biogenic silica structures on earth. The giant basal spicules from the hexactinellids Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia can reach lengths of up to 3·m and diameters of 10·mm. The giant spicules as well as the tauactines consist of a biosilica shell that surrounds the axial canal, which harbours the axial filament, in regular concentric, lamellar layers, suggesting an appositional growth of the spicules. The lamellae contain 27·kDa proteins, which undergo post-translational modification (phosphorylation), while total spicule extracts contain additional 70·kDa proteins. The 27·kDa proteins cross-reacted with anti-silicatein antibodies. The extracts of spicules from the hexactinellid Monorhaphis displayed proteolytic activity like the silicateins from the demosponge S. domuncula. Since the proteolytic activity in spicule extracts from both classes of sponge could be sensitively inhibited by E-64 (a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor), we used a labelled E-64 sample as a probe to identify the protein that bound to this inhibitor on a blot. The experiments revealed that the labelled E-64 selectively recognized the 27·kDa protein. Our data strongly suggest that silicatein(-related) molecules are also present in Hexactinellida. These new results are considered to also be of impact for applied biotechnological studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Müller

Boreiko

Schloßmacher

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Because these initial early discoveries, silicateins have been identified in numerous other demosponge species (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Glassin, a histidine-rich protein from the siliceous skeletal system of the marine sponge Euplectella , directs silica polycondensation

Shimizu

Amano

Bari

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The hexactinellids are a diverse group of predominantly deep sea sponges that synthesize elaborate fibrous skeletal systems of amorphous hydrated silica. As a representative example, members of the genus Euplectella have proved to be useful model systems for investigating structure-function relationships in these hierarchically ordered siliceous network-like composites. Despite recent advances in understanding the mechanistic origins of damage tolerance in these complex skeletal systems, the details of their synthesis have remained largely unexplored. Here, we describe a previously unidentified protein, named "glassin," the main constituent in the water-soluble fraction of the demineralized skeletal elements of Euplectella. When combined with silicic acid solutions, glassin rapidly accelerates silica polycondensation over a pH range of 6-8. Glassin is characterized by high histidine content, and cDNA sequence analysis reveals that glassin shares no significant similarity with any other known proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence reveals that glassin consists of two similar histidine-rich domains and a connecting domain. Each of the histidine-rich domains is composed of three segments: an amino-terminal histidine and aspartic acid-rich sequence, a proline-rich sequence in the middle, and a histidine and threonine-rich sequence at the carboxyl terminus. Histidine always forms HX or HHX repeats, in which most of X positions are occupied by glycine, aspartic acid, or threonine. Recombinant glassin reproduces the silica precipitation activity observed in the native proteins. The highly modular composition of glassin, composed of imidazole, acidic, and hydroxyl residues, favors silica polycondensation and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of skeletal formation in hexactinellid sponges.T he hexactinellids are a circumglobal group of predominantly deep sea sponges. Exhibiting a diverse array of morphologies, the skeletal systems of hexactinellids, which are composed of amorphous hydrated silica (the other silica-forming sponge class is the Demospongiae), range in structural complexity from loose aggregations of individual skeletal elements (spicules) to complex, hierarchically ordered lattices. Hexactinellids have evolved the ability to colonize either rocky substrates or soft sediments and exhibit remarkable skeletal modifications to accomplish these feats (1). For example, the sediment-dwelling hexactinellids produce bundles of long fibrillar anchor spicules that form robust holdfast structures. These anchor spicules exhibit surprising flexibility and damage tolerance and have served as useful model systems for investigating high performance silica-based organic-inorganic biological composites (2-4). In one representative genus, Euplectella (Fig. 1), the constituent spicules are assembled into a highly regular cylindrical lattice that exhibits multiple levels of structural hierarchy spanning from the nanoscale to the macroscale. The lattice is composed of two interpenetrating grid-like networks of no...

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“…Outros elementos se fazem presentes nas espículas, porém em baixas concentrações, entre os quais destacam-se: alumínio, cálcio, cloro, cobre, ferro, potássio, sódio, enxofre e zinco. [20][21][22][23][24] Na Amazônia, estas esponjas são conhecidas popularmente como cauxí, sendo encontradas próximas ao leito dos rios nas regiões de várzea, fixadas a troncos de árvores e pedras, como na região do Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas, próximo a Manaus. 25 Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi preparar MCM-41 a partir de esponja de água doce como fonte de sílica por uma metodologia simples que envolve a lavagem e oxidação ácida da esponja para retirada do material orgânico remanescente, 26 em diferentes condições de síntese.…”

Section: Figura 1 Esponja De áGua Doce (Cauxi)unclassified

Síntese do material mesoporoso MCM-41 usando esponja de água-doce como fonte de sílica

Júnior¹,

Cavalcanti²,

Matos³

et al. 2013

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 14/3/13; aceito em 11/7/13; publicado na web em 9/8/13 SYNTHESIS OF MCM-41 MESOPOROUS MATERIAL USING FRESHWATER SPONGE AS A SOURCE OF SILICA. Fresh water sponge was used as a silica source for the synthesis of MCM-41 via the hydrothermal process. The silica was extracted from the sponge by washing with nitric acid and piranha solution. Synthesis of MCM-41 was performed at 100 °C for 5 days and the procedure was optimized, with modifications made to the leaching temperature of the silica and the synthesis of mesoporous material, which was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and adsorption of N 2. The optimal result was achieved at a temperature of 135 °C for 3 days, showing ordered mesoporous material with a surface area of 1080 m 2 g -1.

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Silicateins, the major biosilica forming enzymes present in demosponges: Protein analysis and phylogenetic relationship

Cited by 79 publications

References 32 publications

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Glassin, a histidine-rich protein from the siliceous skeletal system of the marine sponge Euplectella , directs silica polycondensation

Síntese do material mesoporoso MCM-41 usando esponja de água-doce como fonte de sílica

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