Silk and steel: A gendered approach to career and life by upper echelon women executives in the hospitality and tourism industry in China

Fan, Xin; Im, Jinyoung; Li, Miao; Tomas, Stacy R.; Liu, Hailing

doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103011

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In terms of wages and responsibilities, it is well-known that women who find more employment options in the tourism industry than in other sectors face with negative gender discrimination in the sector. In the tourism sector of the most countries, women are particularly involved in mid-level positions and finding a place among senior officials (Fan et al, 2021). According to World Bank (2017) statistics, women dominate the tourism industry, while they struggle to earn in part-time, informal, seasonal, and day-to-day jobs.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Job Satisfaction and Gender in Tourism: A Case Study in Eskişehir

Ünlüoğlu

2022

IJCTR

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This research aims to characterize and compare job satisfaction levels of workers in the tourism sector among a representative sample of male and female employers in Eskişehir which has a great domestic and international tourist potential, being a province that was chosen the Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013 by UNESCO. This research is a survey-based, descriptive study. Within the study, an online self-completion survey and a cover letter were given to 80 male and 32 female employees in the tourism industry of the city. Respondents were asked for rating their work happiness on a 5-point Likert scale that had been previously constructed and tested as a measure. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; Version 24.0). Findings show that women have a higher level of job satisfaction than men, similarly to the literature. However, this difference is not at a meaningful degree, statistically. As a result, unlikely the previous studies, neither a correlation nor statistically significant relationship between gender and the job satisfaction in tourism sector is found in Eskişehir province.

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Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Job Satisfaction and Gender in Tourism: A Case Study in Eskişehir

Ünlüoğlu

2022

IJCTR

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“…Correspondingly, women play multiple roles, including wife, child, and mother. With the development of socioeconomic status, women have gradually moved beyond these family roles, attempting to shed the stereotypical gender image of the traditional housewife by becoming professionals, despite the associated occupational stress ( 20 – 23 ). However, according to the energy/time limitation theory, people have finite energy and time, and the multiple roles of women consume considerable amounts of both ( 24 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motherhood Health Penalty: Impact of Fertility on Physical and Mental Health of Chinese Women of Childbearing Age

Yao

Yang

2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundThe negative consequences of childbearing on mothers are called the motherhood penalty, and it manifests in the aspects of women's physical and mental health. In May 2021, China relaxed its birth policy that allowed a married couple to have three children. It gives women the opportunity to have more children, but also may increase more risks to mothers' physical and mental health.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to clarify the relationships between the fertility and the physical/mental health of women of childbearing age and empirically confirm the existence of the motherhood health penalty in China.Materials and MethodsUsing a nationally representative dataset from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey 2018, we examined the effects of fertility on the physical and mental health of Chinese women of childbearing age. Physical health was self-rated, and mental health was assessed according to the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. The instrumental variable approach and the models of inverse probability of treatment weighting of propensity scores and regression adjustment were employed to overcome the endogeneity between fertility and health of women.ResultsThe empirical results showed that the total number of births had significant adverse impacts on the physical and mental health of women of childbearing age, which empirically demonstrated the existence of the motherhood health penalty in China. The results of heterogeneity analysis indicated that the physical and mental health of the rural women was more easily affected by childbearing compared with that of the urban samples. In a mechanism analysis, the pathways of income and the multiple roles played by mothers were found to mediate the impacts of the total number of births on the physical and mental health of women. The robustness checks showed that the results of this study were robust.ConclusionsThe findings of this study extend the motherhood penalty to the health domain, and they have important implications for improving healthcare policy for women of childbearing age in China and other countries and regions and promoting gender equality in the healthcare field.

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Redoing gender: How women in the hospitality industry challenge Chinese hegemonic gender discourse

Liu

2022

International Journal of Hospitality Management

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Silk and steel: A gendered approach to career and life by upper echelon women executives in the hospitality and tourism industry in China

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

Job Satisfaction and Gender in Tourism: A Case Study in Eskişehir

Job Satisfaction and Gender in Tourism: A Case Study in Eskişehir

Motherhood Health Penalty: Impact of Fertility on Physical and Mental Health of Chinese Women of Childbearing Age

Redoing gender: How women in the hospitality industry challenge Chinese hegemonic gender discourse

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