Unveiling
the nature and the distribution of surface sites in heterogeneous
catalysts, and for the Phillips catalyst (CrO3/SiO2) in particular, is still a grand challenge despite more than
60 years of research. Commonly used references in Cr K-edge XANES
spectral analysis rely on bulk materials (Cr-foil, Cr2O3) or molecules (CrCl3) that significantly differ
from actual surface sites. In this work, we built a library of Cr
K-edge XANES spectra for a series of tailored molecular Cr complexes,
varying in oxidation state, local coordination environment, and ligand
strength. Quantitative analysis of the pre-edge region revealed the
origin of the pre-edge shape and intensity distribution. In particular,
the characteristic pre-edge splitting observed for Cr(III) and Cr(IV)
molecular complexes is directly related to the electronic exchange
interactions in the frontier orbitals (spin-up and -down transitions).
The series of experimental references was extended by theoretical
spectra for potential active site structures and used for training
the Extra Trees machine learning algorithm. The most informative features
of the spectra (descriptors) were selected for the prediction of Cr
oxidation states, mean interatomic distances in the first coordination
sphere, and type of ligands. This set of descriptors was applied to
uncover the site distribution in the Phillips catalyst at three different
stages of the process. The freshly calcined catalyst consists of mainly
Cr(VI) sites. The CO-exposed catalyst contains mainly Cr(II) silicates
with a minor fraction of Cr(III) sites. The Phillips catalyst exposed
to ethylene contains mainly highly coordinated Cr(III) silicates along
with unreduced Cr(VI) sites.