Silver Nanoparticles Formation by Jatropha integerrima and LC/MS-QTOF-Based Metabolite Profiling

Abstract

The broad application of metal nanoparticles in different fields encourages scientists to find alternatives to conventional synthesis methods to reduce negative environmental impacts. Herein, we described a safe method for preparing silver nanoparticles (J-AgNPs) using Jatropha integerrima leaves extract as a reducing agent and further characterize its physiochemical and pharmacological properties to identify its therapeutic potential as a cytotoxic and antimicrobial agent. The biogenic synthesized J-AgNPs were physiochemically characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. HPLC-DAD, followed by LC/MS and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), was applied to detect the biomolecules of J. integerrima involved in the fabrication of NPs. Furthermore, J-AgNPs and the ampicillin-nanocomposite conjugate were investigated for their potential antibacterial effects against four clinical isolates. Finally, cytotoxic effects were also investigated against cancer and normal cell lines, and their mechanism was assessed using TEM analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Ag ions were reduced to spherical J-AgNPs, with a zeta potential of −34.7 mV as well as an average size of 91.2 and 22.8 nm as detected by DLS and TEM, respectively. HPLC GC/MC analysis identified five biomolecules, and FTIR suggested the presence of proteins besides polyphenolic molecules; together, these molecules could be responsible for the reduction and capping processes during NP formation. Additionally, J-AgNPs displayed a strong antibacterial effect, although the ampicillin conjugated form had a very weak antibacterial effect. Furthermore, the NPs caused a reduction in cell viability of all the treated cells by initiating ultrastructural changes and apoptosis, as identified by TEM and LSM analysis. Therefore, J-AgNPs can be formed using the leaf extract from the J. integerrima plant. Furthermore, J-AgNPs may serve as a candidate for further biochemical and pharmacological testing to identify its therapeutic value.

In silico Prediction of Malvaviscus arboreus Metabolites and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles – Opportunities for Safer Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Cancer Precision Medicine

“…Many studies show the cytotoxic activity of plant green synthesized AgNPs on cancer cells. 9 , 43 , 52 However, our study is the first to test the anti-cancer activity of M. arboreus and the M. arboreus AgNPs.…”

“…42 However, our previous studies showed more aggregation of the antibiotic conjugate green-AgNPs, which appeared to have an antagonistic effect. 9 , 43 The plant extract had the least antimicrobial potential; however, a previous study reported that combining plant extracts with traditional antibiotics exerts synergistic or additive antibiotic effects. 44 In our case, it would have been useful to combine the M. arboreus extract with ampicillin to check for a similar pharmacological response.…”

Characterization of Amaranthus species: ability in nanoparticles fabrication and the antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria

“…The mixture was centrifuged for 15 min at 14,000 rpm, the supernatant was removed, and the pellet was washed twice with distilled water. The pellet was allowed to dry at room temperature for further analysis, as described before ( Mohammed Afrah et al, 2021 )…”

“…Several studies have been undertaken on green synthesis of NPs using plant leaf extracts that are capable of forming silver NPs (AgNPs) with varying sizes and shapes depending on many factors, such as plant type and origin, soil and climate conditions ( Mohammed Afrah et al, 2021 ; Mondal et al, 2011 ). Due to the significance of employing plant extract to create silver nanoparticles that differs in their characteristics in relation to the plant type, therefore, varied plant species may have different abilities in nanoparticles (NPs) fabrication suggesting varied phytochemicals and varied NPs properties accordingly.…”

In Vitro Influence of ZnO, CrZnO, RuZnO, and BaZnO Nanomaterials on Bacterial Growth

“…Inorganic nanoparticles can also be used to transport antibiotics, develop microbial diagnostic tests, and innovate antibacterial vaccines to fight infectious diseases [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Additional advances and investigations are required to convert the idea of nanoparticle technology into one with a feasible, practical use as the next generation of medication delivery systems [ 15 ]. Further knowledge of the various processes behind the biological interactions of antibacterial nanomaterials as well as particle engineering is necessary.…”