Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized with Rumex hymenosepalus: A Strategy to Combat Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in a Cultivated White Shrimp

Abstract

Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS) is a disease produced by gram-negative bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus), which has caused declines in worldwide production of a white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei). In this work, we propose the implementation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with Rumex hymenosepalus (Rh) extract as an alternative on V. parahaemolyticus control. AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). AgNP mean sizes by DLS were 80.82±1.16 nm and sizes between 2 and 10 nm by TEM, with a zeta potential of −47.72±1.05 mV. This study evaluated AgNPs and Rh antimicrobial capacity on V. parahaemolyticus at different concentrations; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found was 25 μg/mL for AgNPs and 220 μg/mL for Rh. Additionally, were carried out time-kill curves and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation for 1 and 4 MIC. Both concentrations (MIC) were tested for toxicity on Artemia nauplii from Artemia franciscana (A. franciscana), because nauplii were used as biocarriers for AgNPs and Rh extract on L. vannamei. Once the shrimp were treated, they were challenged with Vibrio infection and it was found that those who were treated with both agents showed greater survival than the control. V. parahaemolyticus and postlarval samples were taken from the bioassay and fixed and prepared for TEM and SEM in order to search NPs in internal structure of bacteria and the hepatopancreatic area of shrimps; AgNPs were detected in both cases. AgNPs and Rh extract show antibacterial properties on the infected shrimp with V. parahaemolyticus. The action mechanisms are interaction with the bacterial membrane and ROS generation; these effects are produced by both agents.

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against antibiotic‐resistant Aeromonas veronii infections in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in vitro and in vivo assay

“…El-Adawy et al, 2020;Farouk et al, 2020;Krishna & Singara, 2016;Shaalan et al, 2017;Soltani et al, 2009;Vaseeharan et al, 2010). Additionally, AgNPs suppress Vibrio spp., pathogenic for marine shrimp (Alvarez-Cirerol et al, 2019;Kandasamy & Alikunhi, 2013;Sivaramasamy et al, 2016). in fish (Mahanty et al, 2013;Soltani et al, 2009).…”

“…(Das et al, 2020; El‐Adawy et al, 2020; Farouk et al, 2020; Krishna & Singara, 2016; Shaalan et al, 2017; Soltani et al, 2009; Vaseeharan et al, 2010). Additionally, AgNPs suppress Vibrio spp., pathogenic for marine shrimp (Alvarez‐Cirerol et al, 2019; Kandasamy & Alikunhi, 2013; Sivaramasamy et al, 2016). AgNPs pierce bacterial cell membranes, enhancing permeability and disrupting bacterial respiration by triggering reactive oxygen species release (ROS) (Marambio‐Jones & Hoek, 2010; Shi et al, 2018).…”

“…The most pronounced enhancement was observed in fish treated with the highest concentration, 750 µg/L. Consistently,Kandasamy and Alikunhi (2013) reported that shrimp fed with a commercial meal enriched with AgNPs for 30 days displayed higher total haemocyte counts and greater phenoloxidase activity, a haemolymph defence protein.Total leukocyte count (WBC) and lymphocytes were increased in a dose-dependent fashion after treatment of tilapia with AgNPs indicating immunostimulatory properties that explain lower mortality in fish exposed to AgNPs(Alvarez-Cirerol et al, 2019) Elgendy et al (2021). indicated that increased WBC and lymphocyte counts were an immune stimulatory response induced when O. niloticus is fed a diet supplemented with Moringa oleifera.…”

“…Elevated levels of physiological and immunological biomarkers in fish treated with AgNPs demonstrate their health-promoting effects Alvarez-Cirerol et al (2019). found that bactericidal effects of AgNPs in shrimp are linked to the destruction of pathogen cellular components and enhanced immune responses in treated animals(Alvarez-Cirerol et al, 2019;Sivaramasamy et al, 2016). Fish treated with different AgNPs showed an increase in most haematological parameters, including HCT%, MCV, MCH and MCHC.…”

Bioreduction and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

“…Natural reducing used on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles such as, Terminalia arjuna bark extract [20], Triticum aestivum [21], aqueous extract of P. peruviana [22], herbal plant of Solanum trilobatum [23], Euphorbia amygdaloides [10], Citrullus lanatus fruit rind extract [24], Honey [25], Annona muricata [26], Fenugreek seed extract [27], Murraya koeniigi L [28], Orange peel extract [29], Sugar [30], Trigonella foenumgraecum [31], Impatiens balsamina and Lantana camara [7], Pelargonium sidoides DC [32], Aspergillus fumigatus [33], Moringa oleifera oil [34], Rumex hymenosepalus [35], Crinum latifolium [36] Chlorophytum borivilianum L [37], and Ligustrum lucidum leaves [38], successfully used as a medium in the formation of silver nanoparticles.…”