Silver nitrate burns following umbilical granuloma treatment

Abstract

Aims: To study the relation between the use of parent reported home smoking bans and smoke exposure among children aged 18-30 months. Methods: A total of 309 smoking households with children aged 18-30 months, who were part of the Coventry Cohort study, consented to participate in this cross-sectional survey. Results: Although parents in almost 88% of smoking households reported using harm reduction strategies to protect their toddlers from smoke exposure, only 13.9% reported smoking bans in the house. Mean log urinary cotinine:creatinine ratio was significantly lower for those children whose parents reported no smoking in the house (1.11, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.49) compared with none/less strict strategies (1.87, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.10). In linear regression models fitted on log cotinine:creatinine ratio, no smoking in the house was independently associated with a significant reduction in cotinine:creatinine ratio (B = 20.55, 95% CI 20.89 to 20.20) after adjusting for mother's and partner's average daily cigarette consumption, housing tenure, and overcrowding. The final model accounted for 44.3% of the variance. Conclusions: Not smoking in the house was associated with a reduction in mean urinary cotinine:creatinine ratio in children aged 18-30 months; the relation persisted after adjustment for levels of mother's and partner's daily cigarette consumption and sociodemographic factors. Results suggest that home smoking bans in this age group have a small but significant effect on smoke exposure independent of levels of parental tobacco consumption. P assive inhalation by young children of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with an increased risk of a range of adverse outcomes.1-3 The WHO report estimates that globally 700 million children, half the world's children, breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke and that ETS is causally related to increased risks of respiratory infections in the first years of life, chronic respiratory illness in school aged children, middle ear disease, and sudden infant death. 3ETS has also been associated with learning difficulties, behaviour problems, and language difficulties in childhood although further work is needed to clarify whether these associations are causal or related to the social patterning of smoking. 3In addition to the health impact, the economic burden is considerable: the estimated annual cost of ETS in the first year of life in Hong Kong was over 2.1 million US dollars. 4 Smoking cessation by parents of young children might be expected to reduce these risks but parental smoking habits during and after pregnancy appear resistant to health education messages to stop smoking. 5 An alternative approach might be to encourage parents and other household members who feel unable to stop smoking in the short term to change their smoking habits by avoiding smoking in the presence of their children. Observational studies of smoking bans within the home suggest that these may be effective in reducing children's exposure to ETS. In a previous paper on the effects of harm r...

Table Salt is An Alternative to Silver Nitrate Cautery for the Treatment of Umbilical Granuloma: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Silver nitrate has antiseptic, shrinking, and caustic features depending on the concentration and duration of application. Several disadvantages of this treatment modality have been reported including the requirement for treatment by health care personnel at hospitals, the need to apply the treatment more than once, and complications such as the development of discolorations, burns or necrosis in the skin unless care is exercised (Daniel 2001;Majiga et al, 2005). In our study, 23.3% of the first group were needed to apply silver nitrate twice.…”

Umbilical Cord Care After the First Day From Birth: A Case Control Study in a Northeastern Italian Hospital

“…For this reason, literature advices a more conservative approach to the infective complications of the umbilical area (granuloma) such as a 70% alcohol treatment. 20,21 Regards to caregivers' perception about the UC care, the research highlighted no differences between the experimental and control group us in satisfaction with management and results of the treatment and in anxiety reported by mothers at home. The few cases that expressed a scarce satisfaction with dry cord care were not connected to the onset of complications, but only to scepticism among an experimental treatment.…”

A baby with a discharging umbilical lesion

“…However, this method carries a risk of chemical burns, and caution should be exercised. [7][8][9] Applying white soft paraffin around the umbilical granuloma at the time of cauterisation is a proposed method to reduce the risk of chemical burns. 7 Although limited, evidence suggests that some granulomas resolve with conservative management alone, using simply alcohol wipes or salt application at each nappy change.…”

“…7 Although limited, evidence suggests that some granulomas resolve with conservative management alone, using simply alcohol wipes or salt application at each nappy change. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Numerous small and low level evidence studies have found that in 90-100% of cases the use of common table salt alone leads to the resolution of umbilical granulomas. [10][11][12] Two small studies (n=50), in Saudi Arabia and Bangladesh, showed high resolution rates with the application of salt for 30 minutes after cleaning twice daily for 3-5 days.…”