Silver vanadium oxide and silver vanadium phosphorous oxide dissolution kinetics: a mechanistic study with possible impact on future ICD battery lifetimes

Abstract

Material design strategies for energy storage applications can be considered in two major categories: (1) control of structure and composition and (2) material dimensional control such as the implementation of nanomaterials. Characterization of electrochemical properties determines energy content and possible viability for potential application. Equally critical yet more challenging is quantifying the non-Faradaic parasitic reactions of the active materials and the relationship to battery life. Understanding the significant factors associated with battery lifetimes for the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is critical for the development of new ICD batteries. In situ dissolution of the cathode material has been identified as a major factor in premature end of life for ICD batteries. This study contains the kinetic analyses of silver and vanadium dissolution from the benchmark silver vanadium oxide (SVO) material and two silver vanadium phosphorous oxide (SVPO-H and SVPO-R) materials with differing physical properties in a non-aqueous ICD battery electrolyte. A comparison of the kinetic and mechanistic results for SVO, SVPO-H and SVPO-R provides insight for future material design approaches.

In situ visualization of Li/Ag 2 VP 2 O 8 batteries revealing rate-dependent discharge mechanism

“…C ontrolled formation of 3D functional mesostructures is a topic of broad and increasing interest, particularly in the past decade (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Uses of such structures have been envisioned in nearly every type of micro/ nanosystem technology, including biomedical devices (10)(11)(12), microelectromechanical components (13,14), photonics and optoelectronics (15)(16)(17), metamaterials (16,(18)(19)(20)(21), electronics (22,23), and energy storage (24, 25). Although volumetric optical exposures (4,6,19), fluidic self-assembly (3,26,27), residual stress-induced bending (1,13,21,(28)(29)(30)(31), and templated growth (7,8,32) can be used to realize certain classes of structures in certain types of materials, techniques that rely on rastering of fluid nozzles or focused beams of light provide the greatest versatility in design (5,6).…”

Mapping the Anode Surface-Electrolyte Interphase: Investigating a Life Limiting Process of Lithium Primary Batteries

“…35 Thus, this work focuses on vanadium deposition on the anode where the impedance was demonstrated to change in contrast to the silver deposition which does not contribute to increased cell resistance. 36 These results highlight the complex nature of the SEI where composition is critical to the resultant impedance of the electrode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 24…”

“…Prior explorations of Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 as a cathode material in lithium based batteries has demonstrated high discharge capacity and high current pulse capability [29][30][31][32][33] and yet lower solubility compared to silver vanadium oxide, Ag 2 V 4 O 11 . [34][35][36] The lower solubility was predicted based on the hypothesis that phosphate based cathode materials reduce cathode component concentrations in the electrolyte, as the strong covalent P-O bonds from the inclusion of PO 4 3-polyanions stabilize the vanadium oxide framework. 37 Commercially manufactured lithium silver vanadium oxide cells utilize 1 M LiAsF 6 salt in PC/DME electrolyte.…”

“…47 We have previously tested and reported the solubility of the materials in LiBF 4 /PC or LiBF 4 /PC-DME electrolyte systems, and found that the presence of DME solvent insignificantly affects the material solubility. [34][35][36] Treated lithium metal foil anodes were prepared by exposure to silver or vanadium containing solutions. ICP-OES of the treated anodes showed quantities of 14 and 21 µg/cm 2 for silver and vanadium, respectively.…”

Electrochemistry of Cu0.5VOPO4·2H2O: A Promising Mixed Metal Phosphorous Oxide for Secondary Lithium based Batteries

“…8,[11][12][13][14] Further, improved stability of silver vanadium phosphorous oxide based materials was verified experimentally as Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 demonstrated significantly lower vanadium solubility than the oxide analogue, Ag 2 V 4 O 11 , in battery relevant electrolytes. 15,16 A silver vanadium phosphorous oxide material with a higher Ag/V ratio, Ag 3.2 VP 1.5 O 8 , was explored as a possible redox active material. 17 Lithium based cells delivered 160 mAh/g with a voltage above 3.0 V for the majority of its capacity.…”