Silver–zinc: status of technology and applications

Karpinski, A.P.; Makovetski, B; Russell, Sam; Serenyi, J. R.; Williams, Derrick C.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00164-0

Cited by 115 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…The kinetic results evaluated from the Butler-Volmer fit at potentials of electrodeposited zinc at − 1.6 V and the standard bulk zinc is in agreement with the literature. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] At applied potentials above − 1.6 V, more rapid kinetics were evident: we observed an increased exchange current of 36.8 ± 4.3 mA at − 2.0 V in comparison with 12.9 ± 0.5 mA for the standard. In addition to the evidence of more rapid kinetics, the anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes were calculated at 212.9 ± 5.1 and 190.1 ± 4.7 mV dec −1 at − 2.0 V in comparison with 125.6 ± 7.5 and 107.3 ± 1.5 mV dec −1 for the standard.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Cathodic Tafel slope values of~120 mV dec −1 and cathodic charge transfer coefficient of~0.55 are suggested. The kinetic results evaluated from the Butler-Volmer fit at potentials of electrodeposited zinc at − 1.6 V and the standard bulk zinc is in agreement with the literature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,33 Conventional zinc anodes usually consist of active material, additives to suppress hydrogen and control the morphological uniformity of zinc deposition, and polymeric binders to keep zinc particles intact. 1,23,27,34 In this work, the zinc foam was prepared, in situ, by reducing zincate ions on a current collector with no other necessary compounds. The structural foam provided mechanical strength with an interconnected zinc current pathway throughout the core when cycled.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hyper-dendritic nanoporous zinc foam anodes

et al. 2015

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The low cost, significant reduction potential and relative safety of the zinc electrode is a common hope for a reductant in secondary batteries, but it is limited mainly to primary implementation due to shape change. In this work, we exploit such shape change for the benefit of static electrodes through the electrodeposition of hyper-dendritic nanoporous zinc foam. Electrodeposition of zinc foam resulted in nanoparticles formed on secondary dendrites in a three-dimensional network with a particle size distribution of 54.1-96.0 nm. The nanoporous zinc foam contributed to highly oriented crystals, high surface area and more rapid kinetics in contrast to conventional zinc in alkaline mediums. The anode material presented had a utilization of 88% at full depth-of-discharge (DOD) at various rates indicating a superb rate capability. The rechargeability of Zn 0 /Zn 2+ showed significant capacity retention over 100 cycles at a 40% DOD to ensure that the dendritic core structure was imperforated. The dendritic architecture was densified upon charge-discharge cycling and presented superior performance compared with bulk zinc electrodes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hyper-dendritic nanoporous zinc foam anodes

et al. 2015

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“…O hidróxido de zinco se deposita no anodo, mas pode eventualmente se dissolver em excesso local de base forte (pH > 13): A pilha Ag-Zn é bastante empregada na área militar (submarinos, torpedos, mísseis) devido à sua alta densidade de energia e de potência, [5][6][7] sendo adequada também para sistemas compactos 8 e aqueles que requerem liberação instantânea (pulso) de energia. 7 Ela apresenta baixíssima taxa de auto-descarga.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…7 Ela apresenta baixíssima taxa de auto-descarga. 6,8 Além do modelo de uso único, existe também a versão recarregável. 6 O potencial desta pilha é de cerca de 1,6 V à temperatura ambiente.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Processamento de pilhas do tipo botão

Silva¹,

Afonso²

2008

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 2/5/07; aceito em 11/1/08; publicado na web em 13/8/08 PROCESSING OF SPENT BUTTON CELLS. This work presents hydrometallurgical routes for recovering valuable elements from spent button cells, based on leaching of internal components with sulfuric acid (Li/MnO 2 and Zn-air) or nitric acid (Ag-Zn), at 90 o C for 2h. Slow evaporation of the leachate crystallized MnSO 4 .H 2 O, whereas lithium was partially recovered as LiF. Mercury present in Zn-air and Ag-Zn samples was precipitated as HgS. Silver was recovered as AgCl before mercury precipitation. Zinc and iron were precipitated as hydroxides. The amount of iron varied according to the intensity of the corrosion of the external cell case. Final wastes are neutral and colorless sodium sulfate/nitrate solutions.Keywords: button cell; metal recovery; waste management. introdUÇãoAs pilhas do formato botão são assim denominadas devido à geometria do produto; de formato cilíndrico, seu diâmetro de seção reta pode chegar a 25 mm, enquanto que a altura (espessura) varia de menos de 1 até 15 mm.1 Esse formato compacto permite a inserção em aparelhos pequenos e portáteis. Suas principais aplicações são em aparelhos para surdez, calculadoras eletrônicas, relógios de pulso digitais, agendas eletrônicas e sistemas de alarme e de segurança. Apesar desse amplo emprego, dados da European Portable Battery Association (EPBA) 2 mostram que elas detiveram apenas 0,4% do mercado consumidor europeu em 2003 (610,8 t consumidas, contra 373 t em 2000). Na Índia, a fatia do mercado atinge cerca de 3%.3 No Brasil, não se tem dados precisos. Existem vários tipos de sistemas eletroquímicos nas pilhas botão: zinco-ar (Zn-ar), óxido de prata-zinco (Ag-Zn), óxido de mercúrio (em desuso) e lítio-dióxido de manganês (Li/MnO 2 ). Exceto esta última, que utiliza solvente não aquoso devido à reatividade do lítio metálico com água, as demais empregam meio aquoso contendo base forte (NaOH/KOH) como eletrólito.A comercialização da pilha Zn-ar é feita com o produto selado; após a remoção do selo (plástico), o produto é ativado pela difusão do oxigênio atmosférico dentro do produto.3,4 Seu potencial é de cerca de 1,6 V à temperatura ambiente. Nela se tem as seguintes reações: 3

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