Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from Sun-Tailed Monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus): Evidence for Host-Dependent Evolution of SIV within theC. lhoestiSuperspecies

Abstract

Recently we reported the characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVlhoest) from a central African l’hoest monkey (Cercopithecus lhoesti lhoesti) that revealed a distant relationship to SIV isolated from a mandrill (SIVmnd). The present report describes a novel SIV (SIVsun) isolated from a healthy, wild-caught sun-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus lhoesti solatus), another member of the l’hoest superspecies. SIVsun replicated in a variety of human T-cell lines and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of macaques (Macaca spp.) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). A full-length infectious clone of SIVsun was derived, and genetic analysis revealed that SIVsun was most closely related to SIVlhoest, with an amino acid identity of 71% in Gag, 73% in Pol, and 67% in Env. This degree of similarity is reminiscent of that observed between SIVagm isolates from vervet, grivet, and tantalus species of African green monkeys. The close relationship between SIVsun and SIVlhoest, despite their geographically distinct habitats, is consistent with evolution from a common ancestor, providing further evidence for the ancient nature of the primate lentivirus family. In addition, this observation leads us to suggest that the SIVmnd lineage should be designated the SIVlhoest lineage.

Primate-to-Human Retroviral Transmission in Asia

“…SFVs are exogenous retroviruses enzootic in both New and Old World primates (16)(17)(18). Phylogenetic analyses of SFVs indicate a species-specific distribution of virus strains not unlike that of SIV among some African primate species (19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Among captive primate populations, seroprevalence of antibodies to SFV may reach 100% in adults, with many animals seroconverting before the onset of sexual maturity (19,24; J.…”

Using Time-Structured Data to Estimate Evolutionary Rates of Double-Stranded DNA Viruses

“…Codivergence with host species over thousands or millions of years has often been invoked as the primary evolutionary mechanism shaping the diversity of many DNA (and some RNA) viruses (Beer et al 1999;Charrel et al 1999;Sugimoto et al 2002;Nemirov et al 2004). Importantly, inferences about key aspects of viral biology including the rate of evolutionary change in the viral genome and the timescale of speciation events, have often been made based on the assumption of host-virus codivergence, which automatically places the evolution of these viruses on the same scale as their hosts (Nakao et al 1997;Hughes and Friedman 2000;Sugimoto et al 2002;Nishimoto et al 2006;Krumbholz et al 2008).…”

The evolution of HIV: Inferences using phylogenetics

“…For example, phylogenetic analyses have elucidated the origins of HIV-1 and -2 epidemic (Gao et al, 1994(Gao et al, , 1999Korber et al, 2000;Lemey et al, 2003;Salemi et al, 2001;Sharp et al, 2000), the relationships of HIV to other simian lentiviruses Essex, 1994;Gao et al, 1992;Wertheim and Worobey, 2007), and the classification of HIV diversity within HIV-1 (Kosakovsky Pond et al, 2009). Cross-species transmissions Beer et al, 1999;Gao et al, 1999;Hahn et al, 2000;Plantier et al, 2009;Takehisa et al, 2009;Wertheim and Worobey, 2007;Worobey et al, 2004) have been identified and characterized through the use of phylogenetic approaches. Such methods have been used to test hypotheses of transmission events of HIV between individuals (Hillis and Huelsenbeck, 1994;Leitner et al, 1996;Xin et al, 1995), including their use as evidence of transmission in legal settings (Bernard et al, 2007;Crandall, 1995;Metzker et al, 2002;Ou et al, 1992).…”

“…Phylogenetics has been key to the identification of drug-resistance mutational pathways (Buendia et al, 2009;Crandall et al, 1999) and the mechanisms of drug resistance (Carvajal-Rodríguez et al, 2008;Lemey et al, 2005a;Machado et al, 2009). Moreover, phylogenetic approaches have been used to assess within-and among-host HIV diversity and population dynamics (i.e., phylodyanamics) (Grenfell et al, 2004), co-divergence (Beer et al, 1999;Bibollet-Ruche et al, 2004;Chen et al, 1996;Wertheim and Worobey, 2007), and the role of recombination in the diversification process (Carvajal-Rodríguez et al, 2007;Jobes et al, 2006;Schlub et al, 2010). This exceptional diversity has been examined to infer geographical distribution and dispersion patterns Robbins et al, 2003) and thereby test hypotheses associated with molecular epidemiology (Holmes et al, 1995;Salemi et al, 2008).…”