Similar, and similar concepts

Gleitman, Lila R.; Gleitman, Henry; Miller, Carol; Ostrin, Ruth K.

doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00686-9

Cited by 140 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In this experiment we began by looking at pairs of symmetric and partially symmetric sentences like (14) below (see also Gleitman et al, 1996). The striking thing about sentences like these is that if we learn that either of them is true, we can infer that the other must be true as well.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Syntax and Intentionality: An Automatic Link Between Language and Theory-of-Mind

Strickland¹,

Fisher²,

Keil³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Three studies provided evidence that syntax influences intentionality judgments. In Experiment 1, participants made either speeded or unspeeded intentionality judgments about ambiguously intentional subjects or objects. Participants were more likely to judge grammatical subjects as acting intentionally in the speeded relative to the reflective condition (thus showing an intentionality bias), but grammatical objects revealed the opposite pattern of results (thus showing an unintentionality bias). In Experiment 2, participants made an intentionality judgment about one of the two actors in a partially symmetric sentence (e.g., "John exchanged products with Susan"). The results revealed a tendency to treat the grammatical subject as acting more intentionally than the grammatical object. In Experiment 3 participants were encouraged to think about the events that such sentences typically refer to, and the tendency was significantly reduced. These results suggest a privileged relationship between language and central theory-of-mind concepts. More specifically, there may be two ways of determining intentionality judgments: (1) an automatic verbal bias to treat grammatical subjects (but not objects) as intentional (2) a deeper, more careful consideration of the events typically described by a sentence. KeywordsTheory-of-Mind; Language; Intentionality; Cognitive Biases; Heuristic Reasoning; Semantics; Syntax; Thematic Roles Certain aspects of theory-of-mind appear to be automatic. For example, on the basis of visual cues alone, people spontaneously ascribe certain mental states to actors that may conflict with the judgments they make after careful reflection (e.g. Heider & Simmel, 1944;Gao, McCarthy & Scholl, 2010). Such automatic processes may arise from "core knowledge" structures often studied by infancy researchers (Spelke, 2000; Kinzler&Spelke, 2007) and are seen as continuing to operate automatically into adulthood (Cheries, Mitroff, Wynn & Scholl, 2009;Flombaum & Scholl, 2006). Due to their illusory nature, these attributions can be quite different from the judgments people make after taking the time to think more deeply about a situation.© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Address for reprints and correspondence : Brent Strickland Department of Psychology Yale University Box 208205 New Haven, CT 06520-8205 brent.strickland@yale.edu Phone/Fax : 203-432-2518 (Phone), -7172 (Fax). 3 In Experiment 3 we explicitly test the hypothesis that people have two ways of thinking about intentionality for such verbs. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptCognition. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 October 01. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptHere we ask whether linguistic cues might also trigger the immediate impression of intentionality in a way similar to visual cues. In particular, the current studies suggest a connection between the grammatical subject position and a representation of intentional action. This link creates a bias for stronger intentionality attribut...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Syntax and Intentionality: An Automatic Link Between Language and Theory-of-Mind

Strickland¹,

Fisher²,

Keil³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…Take for example, the 'ditransitive' construction, which involves the form, Subject-Verb -Object1-Object2, as in (1), (8b) and (9b). (8) a. Liza bought a book for Zach. b Liza bought Zach a book.…”

Section: Tenets Of Constructionist Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language

Goldberg

2003

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

1,204

392

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“…This is important because subjective similarity is highly context dependent. Consider the great difference between Bill Clinton and George W. Bush in the context of Ronald Reagan, but how similar they become when compared with Winston Churchill (31,34). Because they are established over many different contexts, similarities based on triad decisions provide a good implicit measure of similarity that allows similarity along multiple dimensions to be naturally incorporated into a single measure (35,36).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of congenital blindness on the semantic representation of some everyday concepts

Connolly

Gleitman²,

Thompson-Schill³

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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This study explores how the lack of first-hand experience with color, as a result of congenital blindness, affects implicit judgments about ''higher-order'' concepts, such as ''fruits and vegetables'' (FV), but not others, such as ''household items'' (HHI). We demonstrate how the differential diagnosticity of color across our test categories interacts with visual experience to produce, in effect, a category-specific difference in implicit similarity. Implicit pair-wise similarity judgments were collected by using an odd-man-out triad task. Pair-wise similarities for both FV and for HHI were derived from this task and were compared by using cluster analysis and regression analyses. Color was found to be a significant component in the structure of implicit similarity for FV for sighted participants but not for blind participants; and this pattern remained even when the analysis was restricted to blind participants who had good explicit color knowledge of the stimulus items. There was also no evidence that either subject group used color knowledge in making decisions about HHI, nor was there an indication of any qualitative differences between blind and sighted subjects' judgments on HHI.additive clustering ͉ color knowledge ͉ similarity

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Similar, and similar concepts

Cited by 140 publications

References 13 publications

Syntax and Intentionality: An Automatic Link Between Language and Theory-of-Mind

Syntax and Intentionality: An Automatic Link Between Language and Theory-of-Mind

Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language

Effect of congenital blindness on the semantic representation of some everyday concepts

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