accessibility to treatment, and societal pressure to drink might as well be considered as environmental factors. Such drinking culture may familiarize alcohol-sensitive persons with alcohol, and even overcome the genetic protection of the higher acetaldehyde by ALDH2*2/*2.This speculation from these small case descriptions seems consistent with the sales data of RTDs on a national level. Interestingly, while the overall consumption of alcohol has gradually declined, that of liqueurs mostly consisting of RTDs has substantially increased for the past 20 years (Table S1), 6 and the prevalence of AUD is also on the rise (1.6% (2003), 3.4% ( 2016)). 7,8 In addition, the prevalence of ALDH2*2 carriers admitted to our center showed significant associations with consumptions of total alcohol and liqueurs as well as the liqueurs/total alcohol ratio (Table S2). These facts suggest that the distribution of ALDH2 phenotypes among patients with AUD has been changing recently.This study had a limitation. Clinical characteristics relevant to the development of AUD, including preferences about alcoholic beverages and illness severity and duration were lacking.Although such socio-cultural factors among Japanese cannot be necessarily extrapolated to other populations, physicians are advised to be aware that any environmental situations could trigger the onset of developing AUD even among genetically alcohol-sensitive individuals. This notion is especially relevant in the light of reported increased drinking in the COVID-19 pandemic environment. 9