Similar neural adaptation mechanisms underlying face gender and tilt aftereffects

Zhao, Chong‐Ke; Seriès, Peggy; Hancock, Peter; Bednar, James A.

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.07.014

Cited by 37 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The face stimulus was based on an average female face used in Zhao et al (2011). A line rendering of this face, composed of 36 individual short segments, was created manually in Inkscape (version 0.48.2) using the bezier curve tool.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Signatures of Conscious Face Perception in an Inattentional Blindness Paradigm

Shafto

Pitts

2015

Journal of Neuroscience

115

116

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Previous studies suggest that early stages of face-specific processing are performed preattentively and unconsciously, whereas conscious perception emerges with late-stage (Ͼ300 ms) neuronal activity. A conflicting view, however, posits that attention is necessary for face-specific processing and that early-to-mid latency neural responses (ϳ100 -300 ms) correspond more closely with perceptual awareness. The current study capitalized on a recently developed method for manipulating attention and conscious perception during EEG recording (modified inattentional blindness paradigm) and used face stimuli that elicit a well known marker of early face processing, the N170 event-related potential (ERP). In Phase 1 of the experiment, subjects performed a demanding distracter task while line drawings of faces and matched control stimuli were presented in the center of their view. When queried, half of the subjects reported no awareness of the faces and were deemed inattentionally blind. In Phase 2, subjects performed the same distracter task, but now consciously perceived the face stimuli due to the intervening questioning. In Phase 3, subjects performed a discrimination task on the faces. Two primary contrasts were made: aware versus unaware (equally task irrelevant) and task-relevant versus task-irrelevant (equally aware). The N170 and a subsequent ERP component, the visual awareness negativity (ϳ260 -300 ms), were absent during inattentional blindness and present in the aware conditions. The P3b (Ͼ300 ms) was absent for task-irrelevant faces, even when consciously perceived, and present only when the faces were task relevant. These results inform contemporary theories of conscious face perception in particular and visual attention and perceptual awareness in general.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Signatures of Conscious Face Perception in an Inattentional Blindness Paradigm

Shafto

Pitts

2015

Journal of Neuroscience

115

116

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“…Alternatively, locations in face space might be encoded by multiple channels, each relatively narrowly-tuned to a sub-region of face space, analogous to the channels thought to underlie the perception of orientation (Giese & Leopold, 2005;Robbins et al, 2007;Ross, Deroche, & Palmeri, 2013;Wallis, 2013;Webster & MacLeod, 2011;Zhao, Seriès, Hancock, & Bednar, 2011). According to this proposal, any dimension of facial variance is encoded by many channels, each responding maximally to some particular value along the dimension and less to values 'higher' or 'lower' than it, with the average face having no unique status.…”

Section: Local Repulsion or Renormalisation In Face Space?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that shifts in neutral category boundaries can differentiate locally repulsive from renormalising aftereffects if one compares the magnitudes of shifts induced by different 'strengths' of adaptor (Burton, Jeffery, Skinner, Benton, & Rhodes, 2013;Jeffery et al, 2010Jeffery et al, , 2011McKone et al, 2014;Pond et al, 2013;Skinner & Benton, 2010, 2012Zhao et al, 2011). A continuum of facial images morphing between different genders (for example) can be thought of as a one-dimensional slice through an artificial face space.…”

Section: Evidence From Aftereffects For Norm-based Representation Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, several studies have found that facial aftereffect patterns are not well-described by opponent-channel based hypotheses, but can be better explained by multiple-channel models (Ross et al, 2013;Storrs, 2015a;Storrs & Arnold, 2012, 2015bZhao et al, 2011).…”

Section: Norms Might Not Be the Norm In Spatial Visionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While facial appearance is popularly thought to be subject to recalibrative perceptual aftereffects, there is some contention on this point, with some suggesting that these perceptual distortions are better explained as contrastive aftereffects (Ross et al, 2013;Storrs, 2015b;Storrs & Arnold, 2012, 2015bZhao et al, 2011). From a conceptual perspective, this would mean that adaptation-induced distortions of complex form, such as facial appearance, are qualitatively similar to distortions of attributes often described as low-level, such as spatial frequency and orientation (Blakemore & Sutton, 1969;Mitchell & Muir, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Storrs¹

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A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland in 2015School of Psychology A B S T R A C TThe goal of visual neuroscience is to explain how patterns of neural activity give rise to visual experiences. Here I use visual aftereffects to explore the computational principles underlying the perception of simple, intermediate, and complex forms (orientations, shapes, and faces). Aftereffects occur when exposure to one stimulus changes the appearance of a subsequent stimulus. In the tilt aftereffect, for example, staring at a left-tilted line can make a vertical line seem briefly to lean to the right. Aftereffects are thought to be caused by neural adaptation -changes in the responsiveness of neurons after prolonged stimulation.Visual aftereffects allow us to probe sensory encoding, because adaptation within different encoding schemes can predict different patterns of perceptual aftereffect. I focus on two theories of encoding prominent in the face recognition literature. According to norm-based accounts, faces are represented in terms of how they deviate from a unique norm, such as the average of all experienced faces. Similar proposals have been raised in other contexts, for example to encode the aspect ratio of shapes. Norm-based encoding can be implemented by a population in which neurons respond increasingly as a stimulus moves further in the neuron's preferred direction, away from a normative value in stimulus space. Alternatively, exemplar-based accounts propose that faces are encoded in terms of their similarity to a number of previously-experienced exemplars. Exemplar-based encoding can be implemented by a population of non-monotonically tuned neurons that prefer particular points in stimulus space, rather than directions.Norm-based and exemplar-based accounts make distinct predictions for the pattern of aftereffects one should experience following adaptation. Norm-based encoding is associated with renormalisation, in which the adapting stimulus appears more 'neutral' or 'average' after prolonged viewing, and the appearances of other stimuli are altered in the same fashion (e.g. after adapting to a male face, all faces should look more feminine).Exemplar-based encoding is associated with 'local repulsion,' in which the adapting stimulus appears unchanged, but differences between it and subsequent stimuli are exaggerated (e.g. after adapting to a male face, a very masculine face should look even more masculine, while an androgynous or female face should look more feminine).Over the past fifteen years, norm-based theories of shape and face encoding have gained traction, ostensibly supported by evidence from aftereffects. In Chapter 1, I review this evidence, and relate it to an older debate concerning the role of norms in orientation perception. I conclude that the evidence for renormalisation in form perception is under-2 3 whelming. In Chapter 2 I empirically address the most recent evidence for orientation renormalisation. I show that these data likely arise from an ...

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Visual Aftereffects, Models of

Bednar

2022

Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience

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Similar neural adaptation mechanisms underlying face gender and tilt aftereffects

Cited by 37 publications

References 31 publications

Neural Signatures of Conscious Face Perception in an Inattentional Blindness Paradigm

Neural Signatures of Conscious Face Perception in an Inattentional Blindness Paradigm

Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Visual Aftereffects, Models of

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