Similarities and differences in constraints and constraint negotiation among Japanese sport tourists: a case of masters games participants

Relationships of involvement and interdependent happiness across a revised Masters Games participant typology

“…sport tourist vs. excursionist; domestic vs. international), this revised typology based on psychosocial approaches (Young et al, 2017) captured the distinctive characteristics of involvement and interdependent happiness across the groups. Other key variables associated with Masters Games participation including constraints and constraint negotiation (Ito & Hikoji, 2018;Ito & Kono, 2019), flow experience (Trauer et al, 2003), and supplemental tourism activities (Nogawa et al, 1996) should be examined with this revised typology of Masters Games participants.…”

“…Prior to the hypotheses testing, these four Masters Games groups were created based on the importance-performance analysis (Lai & Hitchcock, 2015;Martilla & James, 1977). This subjective typology of Masters Games participants goes beyond their tourism behaviours and overcomes limitations of the objective typologies of Nogawa et al (1996), Ito and Kono (2019), and Gillett and Kelly (2006) including the distinction between tourists and excursionists (Higham & Hinch, 2018;Weed, 2009;Weed & Bull, 2009). By using this psycho-social typology of Masters Games participants, the multiple regression analyses were conducted, which indicated both similarities and differences in the relationships between involvement and interdependent happiness across the four groups.…”

“…By following Ito and Kono's (2019) objective typology, there were 194 international sport tourists (who participated in international and possibly domestic Masters Games), 141 domestic tourists (who participated only in domestic Masters Games and stayed overnight), and 112 sport excursionists (who participated only in domestic Masters Games and did not stay overnight).…”

“…motivation and accommodation patterns). Recently, Ito and Kono (2019) further divided the group of Sport Tourist into international and domestic contexts and examined Japanese Masters Games participants' constraints and constraint negotiation across International Sport Tourist, Domestic Sport Tourist, and Sport Excursionist groups. Similarly, Ito and Hikoji (2019) focused on differences in the relationship between involvement and interdependent happiness between Masters Games participants who experienced both international and domestic participation (international group) and those who experienced only domestic participation (domestic group).…”

Supplemental tourism activities: a conceptual framework to maximise sport tourism benefits and opportunities

“…In the context of participation-based sport events, Hinch and Higham (2011) reported that 63% of the participant-based sport tourists engaged in shopping while staying in Edmonton for the WMG 2005. Ito and Kono (2019) found that both international and domestic sport tourists utilised tourism constraint negotiation (e.g. integrating a vacation into Masters Games participation) more frequently than sport excursionists.…”