Similarity in ectoparasite faunas of Palaearctic rodents as a function of host phylogenetic, geographic or environmental distances: Which matters the most?

Krasnov, Boris R.; Mouillot, David; Shenbrot, Georgy I.; Khokhlova, Irina S.; Vinarski, Maxim V.; Korallo‐Vinarskaya, Natalia P.; Poulin, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.12.002

Cited by 72 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…These results demonstrate differences in species occurrences within our gradient and suggest that there are overriding mechanisms which influence local patterns of composition. Poulin (2003Poulin ( , 2007 suggested that isolation by distance may be a common pattern in parasite community ecology and Krasnov et al (2010bKrasnov et al ( , 2010c note similar patterns for mammal-flea communities. Our results provide further support for this pattern and we expect that dispersal limitation may be key to understanding the differences between parasite communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Second, as previous work has demonstrated both increased flea richness (Ponce and Llorente 1993) and reduced flea richness (Eads and Campos 1983) at higher elevations, we predict that changes in host richness with elevation will explain patterns in flea richness, particularly after controlling for the number of individuals in a sample (prediction 2). Third, flea communities will be sensitive to changes in host community and environmental conditions along our elevational gradient and this will influence turnover in the flea community (Wenzel and Tipton 1966;Bossard 2006;Krasnov et al 2006aKrasnov et al , 2006bKrasnov et al , 2006cKrasnov et al , 2010bKrasnov et al , 2010c. We predict that changes in the flea community can be explained by differences in elevation, which will act as a proxy for differences in temperature and precipitation (prediction 3a), and and turnover will be related to simultaneous turnover in the mammal community (prediction 3b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Patterns of host and flea communities along an elevational gradient in Colorado

Maher

Timm

2014

Can. J. Zool.

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Patterns in community composition across a landscape are the result of mechanistic responses and species interactions. Interactions between hosts and parasites have additional complexity because of the contingency of host presence and interactions among parasites. To assess the role of environmental changes within host and parasite communities, we surveyed small mammals and their fleas over a dynamic elevational gradient in the Front Range in Colorado, USA. Communities were characterized using several richness and diversity metrics and these were compared using a suite of frequentist and randomization approaches. We found that flea species richness was related to the number of host species based upon rarefaction, but no patterns in richness with elevation were evident. Values of diversity measures increased with elevation, representing that small-mammal and flea communities were more even upslope, yet turnover in composition was not related to examined variables. The results suggest there are strong local effects that drive these small-mammal and flea communities, although the breadth of flea species is tied to host availability.Key words: Siphonaptera, fleas, Rodentia, small mammals, species richness, host-parasite relationships.Résumé : La répartition de la composition des communautés sur l'ensemble d'un paysage est le résultat de réactions mécanistes et d'interactions entre espèces. Les interactions d'hôtes et de parasites revêtent une complexité supplémentaire en raison de l'impondérabilité de la présence des hôtes, ainsi que des interactions de parasites. Afin d'évaluer le rôle des changements du milieu au sein de communautés d'hôtes et de parasites, nous avons étudié des petits mammifères et leurs puces sur un gradient altitudinal dynamique dans la chaîne frontale des Rocheuses, au Colorado, É.-U. Les communautés ont été caractérisées à l'aide de plusieurs paramètres de richesse et de diversité, qui ont été comparés en utilisant un ensemble d'approches fréquentistes et de randomisation. Nous avons constaté que la richesse spécifique des puces était reliée au nombre d'espèces d'hôtes reposant sur la raréfaction, mais aucune tendance de la richesse en fonction de l'altitude n'est ressortie. Les valeurs de mesures de la diversité augmentaient avec l'altitude, indiquant que les communautés de petits mammifères et de puces étaient plus équitables vers le haut, même si le renouvellement de la composition n'était pas relié aux variables examinées. Les résultats donnent à penser que de forts effets locaux contrôlent ces communautés de petits mammifères et de puces, bien que la diversité des espèces de puces soit associée à la disponibilité des hôtes. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Patterns of host and flea communities along an elevational gradient in Colorado

Maher

Timm

2014

Can. J. Zool.

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“…One of them is the need to incorporate both phylogenetic and spatial data into interspecific comparisons. The use of approaches based on distance matrices is an obvious way of achieving this (see [92]). A second important challenge for phylogenetically based comparative methods will be shifting the emphasis from p-values to effect sizes, and to allow for model uncertainty within an information theoretic framework (see [53]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparative ecology and biogeography of parasites

Poulin

Krasnov

Mouillot

et al. 2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Comparative ecology uses interspecific relationships among traits, while accounting for the phylogenetic non-independence of species, to uncover general evolutionary processes. Applied to biogeographic questions, it can be a powerful tool to explain the spatial distribution of organisms. Here, we review how comparative methods can elucidate biogeographic patterns and processes, using analyses of distributional data on parasites (fleas and helminths) as case studies. Methods exist to detect phylogenetic signals, i.e. the degree of phylogenetic dependence of a given character, and either to control for these signals in statistical analyses of interspecific data, or to measure their contribution to variance. Parasite-host interactions present a special case, as a given trait may be a parasite trait, a host trait or a property of the coevolved association rather than of one participant only. For some analyses, it is therefore necessary to correct simultaneously for both parasite phylogeny and host phylogeny, or to evaluate which has the greatest influence on trait expression. Using comparative approaches, we show that two fundamental properties of parasites, their niche breadth, i.e. host specificity, and the nature of their life cycle, can explain interspecific and latitudinal variation in the sizes of their geographical ranges, or rates of distance decay in the similarity of parasite communities. These findings illustrate the ways in which phylogenetically based comparative methods can contribute to biogeographic research.

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“…Ecological community approaches could dramatically enhance our understanding of complex pathogen circulation systems that include several vectors and hosts (Estrada-Peña et al, 2015). In addition, since colonization of new habitats is considered to be a frequent event in ectoparasites evolution (Krasnov et al, 2010), we hypothesize that new habitat colonization during tick evolution might have played a especial role in pathogen spread and circulation. The communities of vector-borne pathogens include a panoply of pathogenic microorganisms that circulate through the bite of a competent vector and remain in permanent foci due to the presence of reservoir hosts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The species composition of the local communities is determined by both these regional processes and the local interactions that determine habitat suitability (Holyoak et al, 2005; Leibold and McPeek, 2006; Mihaljevic, 2012). The concepts of the ecological community have been scarcely applied to host-tick systems, in which acquisition of parasites occurs mostly via horizontal transmission (Krasnov et al, 2010). Ecological community approaches could dramatically enhance our understanding of complex pathogen circulation systems that include several vectors and hosts (Estrada-Peña et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Redundancy and Ecological Innovation Shape the Circulation of Tick-Transmitted Pathogens

Estrada-Peña

Fuente

Cabezas-Cruz

2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Ticks are vectors of pathogens affecting human and animal health worldwide. Nevertheless, the ecological and evolutionary interactions between ticks, hosts, and pathogens are largely unknown. Here, we integrated a framework to evaluate the associations of the tick Ixodes ricinus with its hosts and environmental niches that impact pathogen circulation. The analysis of tick-hosts association suggested that mammals and lizards were the ancestral hosts of this tick species, and that a leap to Aves occurred around 120 M years ago. The signature of the environmental variables over the host's phylogeny revealed the existence of two clades of vertebrates diverging along a temperature and vegetation split. This is a robust proof that the tick probably experienced a colonization of new niches by adapting to a large set of new hosts, Aves. Interestingly, the colonization of Aves as hosts did not increase significantly the ecological niche of I. ricinus, but remarkably Aves are super-spreaders of pathogens. The disparate contribution of Aves to the tick-host-pathogen networks revealed that I. ricinus evolved to maximize habitat overlap with some hosts that are super-spreaders of pathogens. These results supported the hypothesis that large host networks are not a requirement of tick survival but pathogen circulation. The biological cost of tick adaptation to non-optimal environmental conditions might be balanced by molecular mechanisms triggered by the pathogens that we have only begun to understand.

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Similarity in ectoparasite faunas of Palaearctic rodents as a function of host phylogenetic, geographic or environmental distances: Which matters the most?

Cited by 72 publications

References 58 publications

Patterns of host and flea communities along an elevational gradient in Colorado

Patterns of host and flea communities along an elevational gradient in Colorado

The comparative ecology and biogeography of parasites

Functional Redundancy and Ecological Innovation Shape the Circulation of Tick-Transmitted Pathogens

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