Simple and Robust Fabrication and Characterization of Conductive Carbonized Nanofibers Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering is a new and applicable emerging approach to repair the bone defects. In this regard, designing and robust fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds that could provide an appropriate environment for cell proliferation and differentiation is of high interest.Electrical conductive scaffolds which provide a substrate for stimulating cell growth and differentiation through a physiologically relevant physical signaling, electrical stimulation, has shown a highly promise in this approach. In this paper, we fabricated carbon nanofiber/gold nanoparticle (CNF/GNP) conductive scaffolds using two distinct methods; blending electrospinning in which gold nanoparticles were blended with electrospinning solution and electrospun, and electrospinning/electrospraying in which gold nanoparticle was electrosprayed simultaneously with electrospinning. The obtained electrospun mats underwent stabilization/carbonization process to prepare CNF/GNP scaffolds. The scaffolds were characterized by SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. SEM characterizations showed improved morphology and a slight decrease in the diameter of the spinned and sprayed nanofibers with moderate concentrations (from 178.66 ± 38.40 nm to 157.94 ± 24.14 nm and 120.81 ± 13.77 nm, respectively), In the electrosprayed form, better size distributions of nanofibers and less adhesion between individual fibers was observed, while XRD analysis confirmed the crystal structure of the nanofibers. Raman spectroscopy revealed enhancement in the graphitization of the structure, and the electrical conductivity of the structure improved by up to 29.2% and 81% in electrospraying and blending electrospinning modes, respectively. Indirect MTT and LDH toxicity assays directly were performed to assess MG63 cell toxicity, but no significant toxicity was observed and the scaffolds did not adversely affect cell proliferation.Overall, it can be concluded that in early tests, this structure have significant potential for bone tissue engineering applications.

Facile development of photochromic cellulose acetate transparent nanocomposite film immobilized with lanthanide‐doped pigment: ultraviolet blocking, superhydrophobic, and antimicrobial activity

“…[ 43,44 ] It has been one of the earliest known cellulose derivatives utilized in many applications such as packaging films, gas separation, and water purification membranes. [ 45–48 ] It is characterized by a simple structure and excellent characteristics such as availability from diversity of resources, biodegradability, advantageous physical performance, simple processing, high transparency, and distinctive mechanical properties. [ 49,50 ] CA‐based nanocomposites exhibit high sensitivity and faster response times due to their high surface area and high porosity.…”

Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Dressing and Tissue Engineering Applications

“…In recent years, significant efforts have been put forward in the fabrication of conductive electrospun scaffold for effective bone tissue engineering. In this context, a representative study demonstrated the fabrication of electrospun carbon nanofibers functionalized with gold nanoparticle and evaluated their performance in the bone tissue engineering application [117]. The outcome confirmed that the developed electrospun conductive nanofibrous scaffold could be successfully employed in the bone tissue engineering application [117].…”

Electro-conductive carbon nanofibers containing ferrous sulfate for bone tissue engineering

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