inherent disadvantage of unstable output, which means electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices are essential for storing and utilizing these energies at any time. [6] Supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, and electrochemical water splitting can efficiently convert electricity into chemical energy for storage and thus have received extensive attention. [7] The performance of the energy storage devices mainly depends on the electrode materials and the performance of energy conversion devices mainly depends on catalysts. Therefore, the development of high-performance electrode materials and electrocatalysts is crucial.Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as porous coordination polymers, are a new type of porous crystalline material. [8] Obtained by bridging metal ions or clusters and organic ligands via well-defined coordination bonds, MOFs possess unique structures with ultrahigh specific surface area, tunable composition, adjustable pore structure, and abundant exposed active sites, exhibiting significant potential for applications in gas storage and separation, catalysis, sensing, and energy storage. [9,10] The regular open pore structures of MOFs enable them to effectively contact electrolytes and alleviate volume expansion during charging and discharging when serving as electrodes. Besides, the abundant exposed active sites and the ultrahigh specific surface area of MOFs can meet the performance requirements of electrocatalysts for water splitting and electrode materials for SCs and LIBs, the plentiful polar sites and the complex pore structure of MOFs can effectively adsorb polysulfides as sulfur host. [11,12] Therefore, in recent years, great efforts have been devoted to the use MOFs as electrode materials for supercapacitors, anode materials for LIBs, sulfur hosts for Li-S batteries, and electrocatalysts for water splitting.The pristine MOFs possess numerous electrochemically active sites, which are almost fully accessible due to the regular pore structures. However, MOFs are usually composed of metal ions and redox-inactive organic ligands, lack free charge carriers, and charge transport paths, and thus are mostly electrically insulating, meaning that only the part in contact with current collectors or conductive additives can gain electrons to participate in the reaction, resulting in low utilization of Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with diverse composition, tunable structure, and unique physicochemical properties have emerged as promising materials in various fields. The tunable pore structure, abundant active sites, and ultrahigh specific surface area can facilitate mass transport and provide outstanding capacity, making MOFs an ideal active material for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. However, the poor electrical conductivity of pristine MOFs severely limits their applications in electrochemistry. Developing conductive MOFs has proved to be an effective solution to this problem. This review focuses on the design and syn...