Interplay between intermolecular interactions including
hydrogen
bonding, halogen–halogen, and van der Waals interactions in
molecular crystals leads to diverse phase transition behaviors and
physical properties. Bis(tetradecylamide)-substituted benzene derivatives,
terephthalamide (C14-TPA), isophthalamide (C14-IPA), and phthalamide (C14-PA), were examined, and the
electric field–polarization curves of the former two crystals
indicated ferroelectric hysteresis behavior in high-temperature solid
phases. C14-XIPA derivatives where X = CH3, Cl, Br, or I at the 5-position of the IPA molecule were synthesized,
and the effects of substituent X on the molecular assembly structure
and physical properties were investigated. H- and CH3-substituted C14-IPA and C14-MeIPA formed a crystalline phase
in which intermolecular amide-type N–H···O
hydrogen-bonding interactions were dominant, whereas halogen-substituted C14-XIPAs formed a metastable glass phase upon cooling from
the isotropic liquid. The formation of the glass phase is associated
with energy competition between hydrogen bonding, halogen–halogen,
and van der Waals interactions among the −CONH–, −X,
and −C
n
H2n+1 units. The glass-crystal phase transition of C14-XIPAs (X = Cl, Br, or I) changes the refractive index under polarized
optical microscopic observation, which can be utilized for phase-change
memory.