Simplified Approaches to Design Medium-Rise Unbraced Steel Storage Pallet Racks. I: Elastic Buckling Analysis

Applied Element Modelling of Warping Effects in Thin-Walled C-Shaped Steel Sections

“…Considering specifically the AEM application [29] to steel storage pallet racks, analysts may wonder whether all structure-specific aspects are well captured or not in the AEM framework. As can be found in the literature, steel storage pallet racks can suffer greatly from warping [30] and, jointly, second order effects [31,32]; these aspects could be an additional threat for steel storage rack safety since partial collapse mechanisms will be more likely to occur [33], thus increasing further the already complex task of researchers to understand and prevent failures and damages [34]. Although second order effects can be well simulated both with FEM and AEM formulations, warping needs more attention.…”

Beam design for steel storage racks

“…To date attention has mainly been paid to uprights [9,10] as well as to the use of simplified approaches for the structural analysis of selective pallet racks [11]. This paper deals with pallet beam design: reference is made to lipped channel and zed members, focusing on the design criteria associated with serviceability and ultimate limit states.…”

Systemized Structural Predesign Method for Selective Racks

“…In a similar way, the detrimental effect of perforations on member stiffness can be accounted for by means of equivalent reduced crosssection properties, as proposed in the latest version of the EN 15512 [prEN 15512 (CEN 2016b)]. Another issue is that the structure is discretized with 2D finite elements, and therefore warping is not accounted for; their relevance for rack structures was examined by Bernuzzi et al (2014Bernuzzi et al ( , 2015Bernuzzi et al ( , 2016. In this sense, the proposed model is simpler than other formulations (Trouncer and Rasmussen 2016;Sena and Rasmussen 2016) because it is intended for practical predesign.…”

“…In this sense, the proposed model is simpler than other formulations (Trouncer and Rasmussen 2016;Sena and Rasmussen 2016) because it is intended for practical predesign. In any case, warping can be indirectly considered through the so-called warping factors defined by Bernuzzi et al (2014Bernuzzi et al ( , 2015. The proposed method of global analysis can be considered similar to methods accepted in current standards of cold-formed steel design: Methods 2a and 2b of prEN 15512 draft (CEN 2016b); the M3 method recently incorporated in EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-3 [EN 1993-1-3 (CEN 2019]; and the direct analysis method of AISI (2016), which is a mixed approach combined with a B1 factor.…”