Simplified Reflection Fabry-Perot Method for Determination of Electro-Optic Coefficients of Poled Polymer Thin Films

Park, Dong Hun; Luo, Jingdong; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Herman, Warren N.

doi:10.3390/polym3031310

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The nonlinearity of the organic material can be characterized by means of EO coefficients. Multiple measurement techniques have been developed and applied for the measurement of EO coefficients , however, the most widely used are the Fabry–Pérot , the transmission polarimetric , the Mach–Zehnder interferometric (MZI) , the Teng–Man (TM) and the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique . All these methods are typically realized by detection of low amplitude EO modulations of the material subjected to a varying electric (AC) field at a frequency of several kHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and comparison of experimental techniques used for determination of thin film electro-optic coefficients

Nitišs

Tokmakov

Busenbergs

et al. 2015

Phys. Status Solidi A

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The results of electro‐optic coefficient measurements performed with three commonly applied techniques used to assess electro‐optic coefficients: the Mach–Zehnder, the Teng–Man, and the attenuated total reflectance technique are reported. It is shown that the signal obtained by the Mach–Zehnder and Teng–Man techniques is strongly influenced by the multiple internal reflection and piezo‐ and electrostrictive thickness change effects, which in our opinion have not been addressed sufficiently in the literature. A novel approach based on using Abelès matrix formalism is implemented for the retrieval of electro‐optic coefficients from experimental data. The measurement results, errors, and comparison of the obtained electro‐optic coefficient values with the ones expected from the second harmonic generation measurements are discussed. It is demonstrated that, by applying incidence angle scan measurements in Teng–Man technique, an analytic approximation that ignores multiple internal reflection and thickness change effects can provide an electro‐optic coefficient estimate within the precision of 2%. This value is much less than the error caused by the thickness change effect that may appear in the attenuated total reflectance technique which inherently has low sensitivity to the thickness modulation effects in the sample.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and comparison of experimental techniques used for determination of thin film electro-optic coefficients

Nitišs

Tokmakov

Busenbergs

et al. 2015

Phys. Status Solidi A

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“…However, if the reflectance of the semiconductor electrode is not negligible at the measurement wavelength, the electrodes system can behave as a Fabry-Perot resonator and the evaluation of the electro-optic coefficient obtained via the application of the simplified single pass model is wrong [46]. As most researchers are using indium tin oxide (ITO) as the semitransparent electrode, this means that, unless a deeper theoretical approach is used [45,[47][48][49], all the measurements obtained for wavelengths larger than about 1μm are affected by large errors due to the fact that ITO has got its plasma resonance in near-infrared and becomes reflective. Better results can be obtained in the near-infrared region by using aluminium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) or, alternatively, more transparent electrodes [50,51].…”

Section: Nonlinear Ellipsometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated Electro-Optic Copolymers: Determination of the Time and Temperature Stability of the Induced Electro-Optic Coefficient

Belardini

2012

Applied Sciences

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Abstract:Organic fluorinated materials demonstrate their excellent electro-optic properties and versatility for technological applications. The partial substitution of hydrogen with fluorine in carbon-halides bounds allows the reduction of absorption losses at the telecommunication wavelengths. In these interesting compounds, the electro-optic coefficient was typically induced by a poling procedure. The magnitude and the time stability of the coefficient is an important issue to be investigated in order to compare copolymer species. Here, a review of different measurement techniques (such as nonlinear ellipsometry, second harmonic generation, temperature scanning and isothermal relaxation) was shown and applied to a variety of fluorinated and non-fluorinated electro-optic compounds.

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“…Our approach is to integrate the research progress in OEO material development for r -coefficient improvement with standard instrumentation using a commercial prism coupler and correct polarization-dependent analysis of modulation signals. We selected two standard guest–host EO polymers based on a highly efficient push–pull chromophore AJLZ53 , which have been thoroughly studied by the TM reflection technique or Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) method for independent verification. ,, Our studies are the first, without external LIA or oscilloscope, to use the AC-modulated ATR spectra of highly efficient poled polymer films for simple and reliable EO measurements of materials. The measurements can be applied to the frequency ranges within and beyond the Nyquist sampling theorem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lock-In Free ATR Detections of Organic Thin Film Pockels Effects within and beyond Nyquist

Lyu,

Zhang,

Luo

2024

ACS Photonics

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Rapid and reliable determination of thin film electro-optic (EO) coefficients is critically important to the future development of organic and polymeric nonlinear optical materials for photonic applications. It underscores the difficulties and complexities involved in homemade instrumentation and analysis algorithms, including Teng-Man (TM) reflection method and attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique, which do not adhere to standard specifications or calibration procedures. Here, we reinvent the ATR technique, which was proposed decades ago but remains largely underexplored, for rapid and reliable measurements of organic thin film EO coefficients (r 33 and r 13 ) at low to modest modulation frequencies. The study was motivated by the experimental observation of modulated ATR spectra of poled EO polymer films by a Metricon 2010/M prism coupler without a lock-in amplifier or oscilloscope. A further systematic study led to the development of a new ATR method by measuring the electric-field-induced reflectivity change in the ATR spectra of poled EO thin films for the quantitative analysis of r 33 and r 13 values. The method requires only two standard commercial instruments, a prism coupler and a functional generator. The results from our improved ATR method are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the TM method after careful error correction. This new electromodulated ATR spectroscopy without lock-in detection has integrated the significant progress in organic EO material research for r-coefficient improvement with the standard instrumentation of prism coupler and correct polarization-dependent analysis of modulated signals, which can be used routinely to characterize new thin film EO materials within and beyond the Nyquist sampling theorem.

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Simplified Reflection Fabry-Perot Method for Determination of Electro-Optic Coefficients of Poled Polymer Thin Films

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Review and comparison of experimental techniques used for determination of thin film electro-optic coefficients

Review and comparison of experimental techniques used for determination of thin film electro-optic coefficients

Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated Electro-Optic Copolymers: Determination of the Time and Temperature Stability of the Induced Electro-Optic Coefficient

Lock-In Free ATR Detections of Organic Thin Film Pockels Effects within and beyond Nyquist

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