Simulated Car Driving Influenced by Cannabis and Alcohol

Rafaelsen, Ole J.; Bech, Per; Rafaelsen, Lise

doi:10.1055/s-0028-1094370

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…On the other hand, the Department of Transport in the United Kingdom assumes a reaction time of 700 ms when calculating the safe tailing distance [2]. When determining what the 'safe' reaction time is, it should be stressed that factors such as the type of signal, level of ambient light, level of fatigue, speed of the vehicle, alcohol or drugs intake and the location of brake lights all affect the reaction time of the driver [4,7,8,10]. Not all of these factors could be realistically represented in a car simulator situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving reaction time after right knee arthroscopy

Hau¹,

Csongvay

Bartlett

2000

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy

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Driving reaction times of 30 right knee arthroscopy patients were measured using a computer-linked car simulator. Each patient was tested pre-operatively and 1 week after and 4 weeks after arthroscopy. As controls, 25 normal subjects were also tested. In the control group the average reaction time was 634 ms; the measurements at 1 week and at 4 weeks were 550 ms and 582 ms, respectively. In the arthroscopy group the average reaction time pre-operatively was 736 ms; the measurements 1 week and 4 weeks post-operatively were 920 ms and 685 ms, respectively. Two clinical tests (the stepping and standing tests) were also performed at each assessment. Statistical analysis showed a good correlation between these and reaction time. We conclude that it is appropriate for patients to delay their return to driving for at least 1 week, and that the actual timing of return to driving may be determined by performance on these two clinical tests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving reaction time after right knee arthroscopy

Hau¹,

Csongvay

Bartlett

2000

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy

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“…RT, road tracking, speed, and speed SD were the most commonly measured outcomes. THC ingestion dose-dependently increased RT in 4 of 6 studies (10, 53, 55, 57, 64, 65). Low THC doses (13 and 17 mg) produced significant and dose-dependent increases in RT in a DAT (10), suggesting a particular sensitivity of a DAT to THC effects.…”

Section: Duic: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 92%

“…No significant THC effect was observed (1.77% or 3.95% THC cigarettes) for participants who smoked at least weekly but not daily (57). Speed variability increased after THC smoking relative to placebo in 3 of 6 studies (10, 53, 64), suggesting that the drivers had less vehicular control. DATs were used in only 2 simulator studies.…”

Section: Duic: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 98%

Cannabis Effects on Driving Skills

2013

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BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most prevalent illicit drug identified in impaired drivers. The effects of cannabis on driving continue to be debated, making prosecution and legislation difficult. Historically, delays in sample collection, evaluating the inactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, and polydrug use have complicated epidemiologic evaluations of driver impairment after cannabis use. CONTENT We review and evaluate the current literature on cannabis’ effects on driving, highlighting the epidemiologic and experimental data. Epidemiologic data show that the risk of involvement in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) increases approximately 2-fold after cannabis smoking. The adjusted risk of driver culpability also increases substantially, particularly with increased blood THC concentrations. Studies that have used urine as the biological matrix have not shown an association between cannabis and crash risk. Experimental data show that drivers attempt to compensate by driving more slowly after smoking cannabis, but control deteriorates with increasing task complexity. Cannabis smoking increases lane weaving and impaired cognitive function. Critical-tracking tests, reaction times, divided-attention tasks, and lane-position variability all show cannabis-induced impairment. Despite purported tolerance in frequent smokers, complex tasks still show impairment. Combining cannabis with alcohol enhances impairment, especially lane weaving. SUMMARY Differences in study designs frequently account for inconsistencies in results between studies. Participant-selection bias and confounding factors attenuate ostensible cannabis effects, but the association with MVA often retains significance. Evidence suggests recent smoking and/or blood THC concentrations 2–5 ng/mL are associated with substantial driving impairment, particularly in occasional smokers. Future cannabis-and-driving research should emphasize challenging tasks, such as divided attention, and include occasional and chronic daily cannabis smokers.

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“…In an on-road study of normal drivers, the median reaction time in an emergency was found to be 660 ms (range, 300–1,200) [13]. Several factors are considered when calculating a safe DRT such as driver's age and gender and cognitive load [141516]. These factors may confound the two elements that make up DRT: the neurological or mental reaction time and movement or foot transfer time [317].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving Safety after Spinal Surgery: A Systematic Review

et al. 2017

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This study aimed to assess driving reaction times (DRTs) after spinal surgery to establish a timeframe for safe resumption of driving by the patient postoperatively. The MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases were analyzed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) Statement for clinical studies that investigated changes in DRTs following cervical and lumbar spinal surgery. Changes in DRTs and patients' clinical presentation, pathology, anatomical level affected, number of spinal levels involved, type of intervention, pain level, and driving skills were assessed. The literature search identified 12 studies that investigated postoperative DRTs. Six studies met the inclusion criteria; five studies assessed changes in DRT after lumbar spine surgery and two studies after cervical spina surgery. The spinal procedures were selective nerve root block, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, and lumbar fusion and/ordecompression. DRTs exhibited variable responses to spinal surgery and depended on the patients' clinical presentation, spinal level involved, and type of procedure performed. The evidence regarding the patients' ability to resume safe driving after spinal surgery is scarce. Normalization of DRT or a return of DRT to pre-spinal intervention level is a widely accepted indicator for safe driving, with variable levels of statistical significance owing to multiple confounding factors. Considerations of the type of spinal intervention, pain level, opioid consumption, and cognitive function should be factored in the assessment of a patient's ability to safely resume driving.

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Simulated Car Driving Influenced by Cannabis and Alcohol

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Driving reaction time after right knee arthroscopy

Driving reaction time after right knee arthroscopy

Cannabis Effects on Driving Skills

Driving Safety after Spinal Surgery: A Systematic Review

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