Simulated folivory increases vertical transmission of fungal endophytes that deter herbivores and alter tolerance to herbivory in<i>Poa autumnalis</i>

Gundel, Pedro E.; Sun, Prudence; Charlton, Nikki D.; Young, Carolyn; Miller, Tom E. X.; Rudgers, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa021

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Tolerance to herbivory refers to the plant capacity of maintaining its performance or fitness after sustaining herbivore damage (Rosenthal & Kotanen, 1994). The (herbivory‐independent) Epichloë ‐mediated stimulation of plant growth could also constitute a mechanism of tolerance to herbivory, especially useful for those herbivores unaffected by fungal alkaloids (Gundel et al ., 2020). For example, the enhanced growth rate of L. multiflorum plants promoted by E. occultans endophytes probably contributed to compensate for the growth reduction caused by the alkaloid‐insensitive herbivore Sipha maydis (Bastías et al ., 2019).…”

Section: Ecological Benefits and Limits Of The Endophyte‐mediated Lack Of A Plant Growth–defence Trade‐offmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal endophytes can eliminate the plant growth–defence trade‐off

2021

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A trade-off between growth and defence functions is commonly observed in plants. We propose that the association of plants with Epichlo€ e fungal endophytes may eliminate this trade-off. This would be a consequence of the double role of these endophytes in host plants: the stimulation of plant growth hormones (e.g. gibberellins) and the fungal production of antiherbivore alkaloids. We put forward a model that integrates this dual effect of endophytes on plant growth and defence and test its predictions by means of metaanalysis of published literature. Our results support the notion that the enhanced plant resistance promoted by endophytes does not compromise plant growth. The limits and ecological benefits of this endophyte-mediated lack of plant growth-defence trade-off are discussed.

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Section: Ecological Benefits and Limits Of The Endophyte‐mediated Lack Of A Plant Growth–defence Trade‐offmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal endophytes can eliminate the plant growth–defence trade‐off

2021

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“…Plants and their microbiomes are distinctly limited in their options for escaping hostile interactions by means other than chemical innovation. Hence, endophytes show increased investments in defense roles, such as antiherbivory and antiviral activity, compared with free-living microbes [ 98 , 99 ] ultimately showing enhanced directional or positive selection on defense compounds [ 87 , 100 ], whereas within the confines of plant tissues their biomass investment is downregulated by the plant [ 101 ]. Furthermore, endophytes that proliferate mainly (or solely) within hosts will have enhanced drift or bottleneck and accelerated evolution [ 102 – 104 ] enhanced by phases of high local or vertical transmission [ 2 , 15 , 105 , 106 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep learning approaches for natural product discovery from plant endophytic microbiomes

Aghdam

Brown

2021

Environmental Microbiome

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Plant microbiomes are not only diverse, but also appear to host a vast pool of secondary metabolites holding great promise for bioactive natural products and drug discovery. Yet, most microbes within plants appear to be uncultivable, and for those that can be cultivated, their metabolic potential lies largely hidden through regulatory silencing of biosynthetic genes. The recent explosion of powerful interdisciplinary approaches, including multi-omics methods to address multi-trophic interactions and artificial intelligence-based computational approaches to infer distribution of function, together present a paradigm shift in high-throughput approaches to natural product discovery from plant-associated microbes. Arguably, the key to characterizing and harnessing this biochemical capacity depends on a novel, systematic approach to characterize the triggers that turn on secondary metabolite biosynthesis through molecular or genetic signals from the host plant, members of the rich ‘in planta’ community, or from the environment. This review explores breakthrough approaches for natural product discovery from plant microbiomes, emphasizing the promise of deep learning as a tool for endophyte bioprospecting, endophyte biochemical novelty prediction, and endophyte regulatory control. It concludes with a proposed pipeline to harness global databases (genomic, metabolomic, regulomic, and chemical) to uncover and unsilence desirable natural products.

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“…They can produce different alkaloids, which can be toxic for vertebrates or invertebrates and provide protection from herbivores for the plant [4,5]. The plant provides shelter, nutrition, and dispersal for the fungus [5], whereas the fungus increases plant fitness, biomass, and drought resistance [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

Vikuk

Fuchs

Krischke

et al. 2020

JoF

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Mycotoxins in agriculturally used plants can cause intoxication in animals and can lead to severe financial losses for farmers. The endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii living symbiotically within the cool season grass species Lolium perenne can produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids. Hence, an exact quantitation of alkaloid concentrations is essential to determine intoxication risk for animals. Many studies use different methods to detect alkaloid concentrations, which complicates the comparability. In this study, we showed that alkaloid concentrations of individual plants exceeded toxicity thresholds on real world grasslands in Germany, but not on the population level. Alkaloid concentrations on five German grasslands with high alkaloid levels peaked in summer but were also below toxicity thresholds on population level. Furthermore, we showed that alkaloid concentrations follow the same seasonal trend, regardless of whether plant fresh or dry weight was used, in the field and in a common garden study. However, alkaloid concentrations were around three times higher when detected with dry weight. Finally, we showed that alkaloid concentrations can additionally be biased to different alkaloid detection methods. We highlight that toxicity risks should be analyzed using plant dry weight, but concentration trends of fresh weight are reliable.

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Simulated folivory increases vertical transmission of fungal endophytes that deter herbivores and alter tolerance to herbivory inPoa autumnalis

Cited by 14 publications

References 78 publications

Fungal endophytes can eliminate the plant growth–defence trade‐off

Fungal endophytes can eliminate the plant growth–defence trade‐off

Deep learning approaches for natural product discovery from plant endophytic microbiomes

Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

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