Simulated Kick Injury to the Mandible in Horses: Study of Fracture Configurations and Physical Parameters of the Impact

Abstract

Objective The goal of this study was to generate mandibular fractures in three regions of the diastema using a metal impactor to simulate a kick from a horse and to determine the mean deceleration in the initial phase of the impact event, the maximum contact force, the impact energy necessary to create a fracture and the duration of the impact. Study Design Thirty heads of horses aged between 5 and 20 years and euthanatized for various reasons were used. The heads were attached to a steel bar at the occiput at an axial angle of 45 degrees so that the body of the mandible was positioned horizontally and directly under the trajectory of the impactor. A 2 kg solid impactor was dropped with velocities of 6 to 14 m/s to simulate a kick from a horse. The impact was recorded using a high-speed video camera with a frame rate of 30,000 frames per second. Radiographs of the heads were obtained before and after the simulated kick. Results Mandibular fractures with configurations similar to those seen in clinical practice were generated at all three locations. The mean deceleration increased with impact velocity and with more cranially located impact positions. Absorbed energy increased with increasing impact velocity when no fracture was generated. Conclusion The susceptibility to experimental fracture of the diastema increased from rostral to caudal locations, which is most probably caused by decreasing mandibular bone strength and an increase in the curvature at the lateroventral aspect of the mandible in that region. Physical parameters depended on fracture occurrence and type.

Micro computed tomography and histological examination of a pathological lesion (healed fracture) in a horse tooth from the medieval site of Crkveno Brdo, Serbia

“…The fracture from Crkveno Brdo is probably a consequence of the kick of one horse to another in the mouth/head region. Studies of recent horse populations indicate that head injuries caused by kicks are more common than other types of injuries (Derungs et al, 2004;McDonnell, 2003), while horseshoes increase the risk of injury severity (Gfrerer et al, 2022;Joss et al, 2019).…”

“…Equine oral healed fractures are sporadically reported in the paleopathological and veterinary medicine literature. Fractures of the mandible, caused by inappropriate management of bridle cheek bit (e.g., rope bridle) are the most common (Bartosiewicz & Gál, 2013; Gfrerer et al, 2022; Henninger et al, 1999). On the other hand, healed fractures of the maxilla and teeth represent rare finds (Henninger et al, 1999; Leps et al, 2022).…”

“…The fracture from Crkveno Brdo is probably a consequence of the kick of one horse to another in the mouth/head region. Studies of recent horse populations indicate that head injuries caused by kicks are more common than other types of injuries (Derungs et al, 2004; McDonnell, 2003), while horseshoes increase the risk of injury severity (Gfrerer et al, 2022; Joss et al, 2019). Although they have not been found so far in Crkveno Brdo, horseshoes were in use during the medieval period in the Carpathian Basin (Barački, 1960; Stanojev, 1996; Terei & Horváth, 2007).…”