Simulated trampling by cattle negatively impacts invasive yellow-flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) when submerged

Abstract

Yellow-Flag Iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) is a non-native, invasive wetland plant that disrupts riparian ecosystem processes and is widely distributed across the US and Canada. Due to its physiological and morphological characteristics, I. pseudacorus has the capacity to exclude native vegetation and form extensive monocultures in both lotic and lentic wetland systems. Methods commonly used to manage I. pseudacorus include manual (e.g., hand-pulling, digging) and mechanical (e.g., mowing) treatments for small populations and herbicide applications for larger populations; however, herbicide applications near water may be prohibited due to label restrictions. The objective of this research was to evaluate cattle trampling as a non-chemical method to reduce I. pseudacorus in riparian habitats. A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the effects of inundation and two different timings of simulated trampling on I. pseudacorus density, height, and soluble sugar concentrations in the rhizomes. A complementary field demonstration was established on a ranch in northwestern Nebraska to evaluate cattle trampling effects on I. pseudacorus density and height after two consecutive years. Simulated cattle trampling in the greenhouse had no effect on I. pseudacorus density or height of non-inundated samples. However, combining trampling with inundation reduced I. pseudacorus density from a median of 10 iris per pot to 0 iris per pot and median height from 0.35 m to 0 m by the conclusion of the study. Additionally, the field demonstration resulted in reductions of both density and height of I. pseudacorus after two consecutive years (72% and 67% reduction, respectively). Soluble sugar concentrations were not impacted by any treatment.

Micromorphology and anatomy of fruit in Iris pseudacorus L.

“…It is highly tolerant to submersion, water pH, and soil properties, and is well reproduced by rhizome and water-dispersed seeds. The species has LC conservation status (IUCN, 2022) and is invasive in North America, where it escapes from cultivation spots (Gerwing et al, 2021;Stoneburner et al, 2021). Currently, I. pseudacorus is cultivated as an ornamental plant, while previously, its rhizome, being rich in tannins, was used to obtain a black color after adding ferrum salts, and flowers treated with acetic acid were used to get a yellow color for skin staining (Fomin & Bordzilovskyi, 1950).…”