Simulated tropospheric NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>: Its evaluation, global distribution and individual source contributions

Levy, H.; Moxim, W. J.; Klonecki, A.; Kasibhatla, P. S.

doi:10.1029/1999jd900442

Cited by 116 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…6b). These concentrations are comparable to those observed over mid-latitude continental areas and substantially larger than those found typically over the southern oceans (Levy et al, 1999).…”

Section: Concentration Levels and Seasonal Cycle Of Trace Gases And Asupporting

confidence: 65%

Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment

et al. 2008

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Abstract. We have analyzed one year (July 2006-July 2007 of measurement data from a relatively clean background site located in dry savannah in South Africa. The annualmedian trace gas concentrations were equal to 0.7 ppb for SO 2 , 1.4 ppb for NO x , 36 ppb for O 3 and 105 ppb for CO. The corresponding PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations were 9.0, 10.5 and 18.8 µg m −3 , and the annual median total particle number concentration in the size range 10-840 nm was 2340 cm −3 . During Easterly winds, influence of industrial sources approximately 150 km away from the measurement site was clearly visible, especially in SO 2 and NO x concentrations. Of gases, NO x and CO had a clear annual, and SO 2 , NO x and O 3 clear diurnal cycle.Atmospheric new-particle formation was observed to take place in more than 90% of the analyzed days. The days with no new particle formation were cloudy or rainy days. The formation rate of 10 nm particles varied in the range of 0.1-28 cm −3 s −1 (median 1.9 cm −3 s −1 ) and nucleation mode particle growth rates were in the range 3-21 nm h −1 (median 8.5 nm h −1 ). Due to high formation and growth rates, observed new particle formation gives a significant contribute to the number of cloud condensation nuclei budget, having a potential to affect the regional climate forcing patterns.

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Section: Concentration Levels and Seasonal Cycle Of Trace Gases And Asupporting

confidence: 65%

Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment

et al. 2008

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“…Grewe et al (2001) used the extensive data set of NO x observations from the NOXAR project, obtained onboard a Swissair B-747 aircraft over the course of more than one year, to evaluate the NO x distributions calculated by two C-GCMs (E39/C and ULAQ GCM) and to investigate the importance of different sources. Further studies by Wang et al (1998), Levy II et al (1999), Emmons et al (2000), and Bey et al (2001) investigated the overall ability of CTMs to simulate tropospheric photochemistry, which is another focus of the present study. In these latter studies the models were compared with measurements of many different trace gases related to ozone photochemistry, obtained from a number of surface stations and aircraft measurement campaigns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of the performance of chemistry transport models by comparison with research aircraft observations. Part 1: Concepts and overall model performance

Brunner¹,

Staehelin²,

Rogers³

et al. 2003

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.A rigorous evaluation of five global ChemistryTransport and two Chemistry-Climate Models operated by several different groups in Europe, was performed. Comparisons were made of the models with trace gas observations from a number of research aircraft measurement campaigns during the four-year period 1995-1998. Whenever possible the models were run over the same four-year period and at each simulation time step the instantaneous tracer fields were interpolated to all coinciding observation points. This approach allows for a very close comparison with observations and fully accounts for the specific meteorological conditions during the measurement flights. This is important considering the often limited availability and representativity of such trace gas measurements. A new extensive database including all major research and commercial aircraft measurements between 1995 and 1998, as well as ozone soundings, was established specifically to support this type of direct comparison. Quantitative methods were applied to judge model performance including the calculation of average concentration biases and the visualization of correlations and RMS errors in the form of so-called Taylor diagrams. We present the general concepts applied, the structure and content of the database, and an overall analysis of model skills over four distinct regions. These regions were selected to represent various atmospheric conditions and to cover large geographical domains such that sufficient observations are available Correspondence to: D. Brunner (dominik.brunner@iac.umnw.ethz.ch) for comparison. The comparison of model results with the observations revealed specific problems for each individual model. This study suggests the further improvements needed and serves as a benchmark for re-evaluations of such improvements. In general all models show deficiencies with respect to both mean concentrations and vertical gradients of important trace gases. These include ozone, CO and NO x at the tropopause. Too strong two-way mixing across the tropopause is suggested to be the main reason for differences between simulated and observed CO and ozone values. The generally poor correlations between simulated and measured NO x values suggest that in particular the NO x input by lightning and the convective transport from the polluted boundary layer are still not well described by current parameterizations, which may lead to significant differences in the spatial and seasonal distribution of NO x in the models. Simulated OH concentrations, on the other hand, were found to be in surprisingly good agreement with measured values.

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“…Nitrogen oxides (NO x =NO+NO 2 ) are key species in atmospheric chemistry and are heavily influenced by anthropogenic emissions. The availability of NO x limits photochemical ozone formation in rural and remote regions (Lin et al, 1988;Chameides et al, 1992) and particularly in the upper troposphere (Levy et al, 1999), where the impact of ozone on radiative forcing is strongest (Johnson et al, 1992). NO x also contributes to acid deposition from the atmosphere (Stoddard et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intercontinental transport of nitrogen oxide pollution plumes

Wenig

Spichtinger²,

Stohl³

et al. 2003

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

103

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Simulated tropospheric NO_x: Its evaluation, global distribution and individual source contributions

Cited by 116 publications

References 116 publications

Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment

Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment

An evaluation of the performance of chemistry transport models by comparison with research aircraft observations. Part 1: Concepts and overall model performance

Intercontinental transport of nitrogen oxide pollution plumes

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Simulated tropospheric NOx: Its evaluation, global distribution and individual source contributions

Cited by 116 publications

References 116 publications

Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment

Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment

An evaluation of the performance of chemistry transport models by comparison with research aircraft observations. Part 1: Concepts and overall model performance

Intercontinental transport of nitrogen oxide pollution plumes

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Simulated tropospheric NO_x: Its evaluation, global distribution and individual source contributions