Simulating alternative forest management in a changing climate on aPinus nigrasubsp.laricioplantation in Southern Italy

Abstract

Mediterranean pine plantations provide several ecosystem services but are particularly sensitive to climate change. Forest management practices might play a strategic role in the long-term adaptation of Mediterranean forests, but the joint effect of climate change and alternative management options in the near and far future have seldom been investigated together. Here, we developed a portfolio of management options and simulated the development of a Laricio pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) stand in the Bonis watershed (southern Italy) from its establishment in 1958 up to 2095 using a state-of-the-science process-based forest model. The model was run under three climate change scenarios corresponding to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration, and seven management options with different goals, including post-disturbance management, wood production and renaturalization purposes. We analyzed the effect of climate change on annual carbon fluxes (i.e., gross and net primary production) and stocks (i.e., basal area and potential carbon woody stocks), as well as the impact of different management options compared to no management. Results show that, while climate change (i.e., warming and enriched atmospheric CO2 concentration) seems to increase carbon fluxes and stocks in the first half of the century, both show a substantial decrease in the second half, along with higher temperatures (+3 to +5 °C) and lower precipitation (−20% to −22%). When compared to no management, alternative options had a moderate effect on carbon fluxes over the whole simulation (between −6% and +7%) but overall carbon stocks were maximized by thinning interventions and the shelterwood system (+54% to +55%). We demonstrate that the choice of management exerts greater effects on the features of Laricio pine plantations than climate change alone. Therefore, silvicultural strategies might enhance potential stocks and improve forest conditions, with cascading positive effects on the provision of ecosystem services in Mediterranean pine plantations.HighlightsWe simulated the development of a Laricio pine stand over 137 years under three different climatic scenarios and seven management options.Carbon fluxes and stocks benefit from climate change (i.e., warming and enriched atmospheric CO2 concentration) in the first half of the century but show a marked decrease in the longer-term.Forest management exerts a much stronger effect on these features than climate change alone.Silvicultural options aimed at reducing stand density preserve and enhance carbon fluxes and stocks over the simulated time period.

Stand age diversity and climate change affects forests’ resilience and stability, although unevenly

“…The 3D-CMCC-FEM (Three Dimensional -Coupled Model Carbon Cycle -Forest Ecosystem Model; Collalti et al, 2014Collalti et al, , 2016Marconi et al, 2017;Mahnken et al, 2022;Dalmonech et al, 2022;Testolin et al, 2023)…”

“…The 3D-CMCC-FEM (Three Dimensional -Coupled Model Carbon Cycle -Forest Ecosystem Module; Collalti et al, 2014Collalti et al, , 2016Marconi et al, 2017;Mahnken et al, 2022;Dalmonech et al, 2022Dalmonech et al, , 2024Testolin et al, 2023) was initialized with the structural attributes of the newly created stands from 1997, which was consequently the starting year of all simulations. Modeled climate change simulations under different RCP-emissions scenarios started to differentiate in 2006 (up to 2100).…”