“…Five alternative, nonlocal transport techniques have been developed for the use of the general hydrology community. These techniques are the Stochastic Averaging of the classical ADE (SA-ADE) method, the (single-and) multiple-rate mass transfer (MRMT) method (see the recent work [64,65,68,69], also see [25,26,30,60,67,109,134,138,149,154], among many others), the continuous time random walk (CTRW) method [18,47,48,108], the time fractional advection-dispersion equation (fADE) method (with the time scale index 0 < c < 1) [8,97,128,147], and the space fADE method [11][12][13]29,129,148]. These alternative conceptual models describe nonlocal dependence on either time or space, or both, to explain the development of anomalous dispersion.…”